j^ p jf i^\. i'

■' -1-.,

T, -^.p^

])' ' l^

■|»,S» I*-

■-'- 'i-' X. U. .J-' 'X'S **v.>^, -.f^'

r' ;<;■, ■■.:, -i-ii. ■^;.. ^- ■'jv V- .

:;il >li :;M Jf^ .>>'\ .i^\ ,^ „. .

t-. >' J<'

#. .1^

. 1> y.	1
3^	1^^	■ >^ ";«4^ )>ii
	. ' \^	ijiJi ^US W' .

\»< . !»' if

^kV y T . y-

4:J sr i^^ ^:. ^! ^^t

#• m>i 1w^ l*^'^ J^*'^

,i?-'>'i*'

1 «

■ %,^^ ''^^^^^o %,/ ;^': \,^^ :'^^^^ \.<f :

-v *

.^^"-^^

5^--.

.,/ ^\j:if^^ --,;y{yy/ v^^v"^ -^^.-^^y

A>^^

■0^

0 • cs:^\^^A .. *-5

> <?N_ :S?="^:

.*'•

4 o

\ o.

q\ oko, »'q ^l^ .1..

0" .°%

"'^'^^

1°*.

^^■^^.

^o-*

f fC

■^^0^

%.*^-%o^ V^^*'y'' V^'^'%°' V .^^^' %'^'

^^'<^ \/ y^\ \,^^ /^f^- x/ »^;^': \,^'' y^-i^'' -^--^^

^j»<i'

iV.»L.

'>

'. >^^

<P^ * e » 0

"h «• -(<»

■^^ -■*'■' y^^^^. ^ ■. /:^^;% >.. .^^' ,■

o

.'A <» -o..» 0^

X J'^\ ^^^*° ■^'^^^^^ °'^^*' /^\. ^^^•° •^^^^^'^^ °-''^^*' z^^. ■

LT.-COLONEL W. A. BISHOP. V.C. D.S.O.. M C. D.F.C..

NECESSITY is the Mother of Invention, and at the beginning of this war the necessity for better aeroplanes was strongly felt, with the result that in four years of war they progressed to a higher degree of development than they would otherwise have done in ten years. They were undoubtedly a tremendous factor in the winning of the war, but I am certain that their real triumph lies in commercial aviation.

' tri^st that every reader of "The People's War Book" may be inspired to nobler deeds in the interest of Humanity and Civilization. Sincerely, /

f\^^Z^-

Publisher s IVole: — Colonel Bishop is known as the World s Ace of Aces. He is officially credited with bringing^ down 72 enemy planes, which is the highest official record. Unofficially his record is over 100 planes. The above genuine Autograph by Colonel Bishop is indeed a Souvenir of the Great World War to be treasured for years to come. The hand that signed the above name is the Hand That Downed a Hundred Huns.

The People's War Book

^^^l^o^t

^

Soldier's Photograph Here Name below in panel

i/

1

^Wi^f^nUi

Soldier's and Sailor's Service Scroll

For Facts, Figures and Faces

Name.

Blanch of Service Serial Number.

Date Enlisted Camp

Regiment Company.

Commanding Officer

Made Non-Commissioned Otticer

v^

Commissioned as Date- Honorably Discharged or Retired

Born Died-

Personal War History, Photographs, Dates and Incidents of the World War

J

The Victorious / Allied Leaders

David Lloyd-George, British premier.

r ' /		1
w^Jt	1^	J^
pSIl	Iw^- ■	fc.
	Ste^	s^^t^^^&.^

Gen. Sir Douglas Haig. c'd'r. in chief of tlie Britiih armies

Marshal Ferdinand Foch, generalissimo of the allied armies.

Gen.John i. Pershing, commander In chief of (he American expedi- tionary' forces

PrcTnier Venizelos, the man who dii most to bring Greece in 00 the side of the allies.

(ting Victor Emmanuel of Italy.

. _. J . . . , Crown Prince Alexander of

Gen. Diaz, commander m chief Serbia, commander of the of fie Italian armies. Serbian army

The People's War Book

History, Cyclopaedia and Chronology of the Great World War

By

James Martin Miller and H. S. Canfield

Editor in Chief ' Paris War Correspondent

Ex-Consul to France and Germany and

Famous Author and War Correspondent World War Analyst

And

Canada's Part in the War

By W. R. Plewman

War Critic for the Toronto Star

Containing Official War Reports and

Authentic Articles by

MARSHAL FOCH NEWTON D. BAKER

Commander in Chief of Allied Armies Secretary of War

LLOYD GEORGE JOSEPHUS DANIELS

British Premier and Statesman Secretary of the Navy

WOODROW WILSON JOHN J. PERSHING

President of the United States Commander in Chief of U. S. Forces Abroad

GEN. PEYTON C. MARCH WILLIAM S. SIMS

Chief of Staff Commander of U. S. Fleet Abroad

With many War Maps, Charts and Diagrams, and nearly Five Hundred

Illustrations and Colored Plates, Including the Official

Photographs of the American, British, Canadian,

French and Italian Governments

Published by

THE R. C. BARNUM CO., Cleveland, Ohio H. L. BALDWIN PUB. CO., Minneapolis, Minn.

THE F. B. DICKERSON CO., Detroit, Mich. LMPERIAL PUB. CO., Toronto, Canada

1919

'S>

Copyright, 1919,

By JOHN THOMAS

Copyright, 1919,

By R. C. DARNITM

Phot(it;rai hs Copyri^thted by Underwuud & Underwood, Iliternatinnal Film Service, Inc. and Committee on Pnbllc Information.

SALESMEN WANTED.

You can make big raonsy selling ttiis book. Address the nearest Publisher whose address is given on the title page.

• • •

MJb 16 Ibia

Oci.ASSOfies

PUBLISHER'S FOREWORD

This volume is truly the People's War Book. It is more than a mere History of the War. It is a War History, a War Cyclopaedia and a War Chronology com- bined.

Especial attention is called to the Authenticity of the material herein con- tained. We have not been satisfied with gi\'ing' information second-handed but have reproduced the Official Reports and Authentic Articles by Marsha! Foch, Lloyd George, Gen. Pershing, Sec'y of War Baker, Sec'y of Navy Daniels, Gen. Peyton C. March, Chief of Staff, and the Famous State Papers and Public Speeches of Woodrow Wilson, President of the United States. These Official Reports and State Papers will stand for all time as the Authentic Histoiw of the Great World War.

The War Maps, Charts and Diagrams are accurate and reliable and most of the nearly Five Hundred illustrations are from the Official Photographs of the American, Canadian, British, French and Italian Governments. They, together with the color plates, constitute a Pictorial History of the War, that will be prized by future generations.

The War Cyclopaedia and Chronology will be found handy for quick reference by students and pupils. They will prove of great aid in answering the many questions of school children and will always be a source of great interest and instruction. The Pronouncing Vocabulary will be found a great convenience.

In writing the History part of the work we have been fortunate in securing the services of H. S. Canfield, the Eminent Paris War Correspondent and World War Analyst. He is one of the Editors of the Chicago Tribune and was sent to Europe for a two years' study of the battle fields. W. R. Plewman, war critic for the Toronto Star, is the author of Canada's Part in the War. It is authentic and accurate.

And as Editor in Chief of The People's War Book it was only fitting that we secure the services of James Martin Miller. Hav- ing been United States Consul to both France and Germany before the War he understands conditions as they actually existed in those countries. And having been correspondent for the New York Herald, Harper's Weekly and the London Daily Mail assures the reader that he understands the conditions existing in both the United States and Great Britain. That he understood the objects and aims of the German War Lords is attested by the fact that he represented both the Asso- ciated Press and the London Daily Express on the trip made to the United States by Prince Henry, the brother of the German Kaiser when he was accom- panied by Von Tirpitz, the instigator of Germany's ruthless submarine warfare and Von Plessen, Adjutant General of the German Army.

James Martin Miller was War Cor- respondent in the Spanish American War, the Philippine Insurrection and the Boxer War in China. He was Consul General to New Zealand in 1905. He is a World Renowned Globe Trotter, having visited Australia, Europe, North Amer- ica, South America, India and Africa. He has travelled twice around the world, four times across the Pacific and twenty-three times across the Atlantic Ocean. He is the well known author of "Tlie Twentieth Century Atlas of the World", "The Span- ish-American War" and "The Russian- Japanese War", and many other books. Secretary of War, Newton D. Baker, gave him his autographed photograph and Lt. Col. W. A. Bishop, the Ace of Aces, has consented to personally autograph each book, which will make it a souvenir of the great war to be treasured in every home.

Very truly,

Thk Publishers.

vu

EDITOR'S PREFACE

In the days of our Grandfathers each country of the world was remote, no country was dependent upon any other, or the rest of the world, as we are today.

The world is closely knitted together in this day and age. No Nation can be a recluse and live alone, so to speak. In the days gone by we have heard men say something like this: "Let other countries have their quarrels and their wars. We can go on about our business regardless of them. Their troubles need not bother us a bit."

The great world war, it is safe to say, has eradicated this provincial notion from the American people as well as from the people of all other nations.

The war hardly touched our shores, yet before we entered it on the side of the Allies it had revolutionized us econo- mically, financially and socially. The war completely changed such conditions in eveiy neutral nation, whether they wanted it or not.

Everj' individual in America and each of the one billion, five hundred thousand inhabitants of the world, are, in this modern day deeply affected by the problems of the world war, and those issues that will follow it. These will be the problems of a life time for the youngest person liv- ing in America or elsewhere.

The main purpose of this Book is: To give the reader a concise, complete and

artistically illustrated history of the war for his, or her, instruction and benefit as a social being and citizen of the only Republic of the world that was not founded upon the ruins of a Monarchy.

The United States is only great (and the same is true of our neighbor Canada) as; each inhabitant is intelligent and in- formed. It is the duty every patriotic I citizen owes to himself and herself per-j sonally, and the Nation alike, to become possessed of accurate and full information about the war, its causes and effects, past, ] present and future.

This work includes the full text of) that marvelous document establishing the] League of Nations to insure against future wars. This maj' well be called the ConJ stitution of the World. In connectioi with the contents of this Book the readei will be profited by recalling his, or herj impressions, changed or otherwise, during the four and one fourth years of the warj and to draw from them whatever cor elusions he, or she can.

If this historical effort, in words and pictures, appeals to and impresses tM imaginations, and broadens the \'isions ol its readers, both young and old, the effort shall not have been in vain.

James Martin Miller.

Washington, D. C, 1919.

A remarkable panoramic view of what is left of Ypres,

vm

TABLE OF CONTENTS

. PAGE

ROLL OF HONOR FOR SOLDIER'S OR SAILOR'S PHOTOGRAPH AND MILITARY RECORD. . . II

PUBLISHER'S FOREWORD VII

EDITOR'S PREFACE VIII

TABLE OF CONTENTS - IX

LIST OF COLORED ILLUSTRATIONS XII

INTRODUCTORY CHAPTER

THE BATTLE GROUND BEFORE THE WAR — THE GREAT CHALK WINE CELLARS OP FRANCE — PRUSSIAN ARROGANCE AND CRUELTIES DURING THE SPANISH WAR, THE FILIPINO WAR AND THE BOXER WAR IN CHINA — GERMAN KULTUR AND EF- FICIENCY— IMPOSSIBLE CONDUCT OF THE PRUSSIAN WAR LORDS — GERMAN PRO- PAGANDA— SECRET INTRIGUES — PRINCE HENRY'S VISIT TO AMERICA — HIS RE- CEPTION — TRADE RIVALS XIH

LIEUT.-COLONEL BISHOP'S AUTOGRAPHED PHOTOGRAPH a21

CHAPTER 1

EUROPE RESTS ON A MINE — FORCES WORK FOR PEACE — GERMANY SEEKS WAR — DIRECT CAUSES LEADING TO THE PRESENT WORLD-WIDE CONFLICT — GERMANY AND AUSTRIA PLOT — THE DREAM OF A MITTEL EUROPA AND A BERLIN TO BAGDAD LINE — THE SPARK THAT SET OFF THE MINE — AUSTRIA'S ULTIMATUM TO SERBIA AND HER BRUTAL DEMANDS — DIPLOMACY FAILS TO AVERT WAR — WAR IS DE- CLARED— VIOLATION OF BELGIAN NEUTRALITY FORCES BRITAIN INTO CONFLICT — THE WAR SPREADS — GERMANY'S RESPONSIBILITY FOR THE WAR — GERMANY SELF-DECEIVED — COMPARATIVE MILITARY STRENGTH OF THE COMBATANTS — MOBILIZATION AND PREPARATION — THE STYLE OF WARFARE REVEALS GER- MANY'S PREPARATIONS OF FORTY YEARS 21

CHAPTER II

VIOLATION OF LUXEMBOURG — INVASION OF BELGIUM — LIEGE TAKEN — BELGIUM OVERRUN — BRUSSELS OCCUPIED — NAMUR FALLS — LOUVAIN BURNED — FRANCE INVADED — BRITISH TROOPS LANDED — BATTLE OF MONS — MAUBEUGE TAKEN — RETREAT OF THE ALLIES — THE GERMAN THRUST FOR PARIS — BATTLE OF THE MARNE

43

CHAPTER III

BATTLE OF THE AI3NE — FORCES ARE DEADLOCKED — THE DRIVE FOR THE SEA — ANTWERP OCCUPIED — TRENCH WARFARE DEVELOPS — GERMANS STRIVE FOR CA- LAIS — BATTLES ALONG THE YSER — FIRST BATTLE OF YPRES 53

CHAPTER IV

WAR IN RUSSIA — QUICK MOBILIZATION DECEIVES GERMANY — AUSTRIA STRIKES FIRST IN POLAND — RUSSIANS OVERRUN GALICIA — AUSTRIANS DRIVEN BACK — EAST PRUSSIA INVADED — HINDENBLIRG ANNIHILATES RUSS ARMY — THE CAM- PAIGNS FOR WARSAW — BRUSILOFF SWINGS THROUGH BUKOWINA — COLLAPSE OF THE CAMPAIGN — RUSSIA OUT OF THE WAR 69

CHAPTER V

OTHER THEATERS OF WAR — JAPAN IN THE EAST — TSINGTAU FALLS — GERMANY LOSES HER COLONIES — THE BOER REVOLT IN SOUTH AFRICA — ENGLAND SEIZES EGYPT AND DEPOSES KHEDIVE — LORD KITCHENER KILLED — THE REBELLION IN IRELAND — SIR ROGER CASEMENT EXECUTED 85

TABLE OF CONTENTS— Continued

PAGK CHAPTER VI

TURKEY ENTERS THE WAR — THE ATTACK ON THE DARDANELLES — GREAT FLEETS ARE REPULSED — THE FIGHTING AT GALLIPOLI — THOUSANDS LOST — TURKS AND RUSSIANS IN THE CAUCASUS — THE SUEZ CANAL — THE CAMPAIGNS IN PALESTINE AND MESOPOTAMIA — BAGDAD AND JERUSALEM FALL 9 3

CHAPTER VII

GERMANY'S DECISION TO CRUSH SERBIA — MONTENEGRO TO BE DESTROYED — GREECE ESPOUSES ALLIED CAUSE — ALLIES DEFEND GREECE — ROUMANIA ENTERS WAR ON SIDE OF ALLIES — ALLIES UNABLE TO HELP ROUMANIA — GERMANY CRUSHES ROUMANIA 105

CHAPTER VIII

ITALY UNDECIDED — GERMAN INFLUENCE DELAYS ITALIAN ENTRANCE — ITALY JOINS ALLIES — BIG GAINS MADE — ITALY SUFFERS LOSSES — SOCIALISTIC INFLUENCES AND GERMAN PROPAGANDA UNDERMINES ITALIAN MORALE — VAST ITALIAN LOSSES — ALLIES COME TO ITALY'S RELIEF — TEUTONIC FORCES CHECKED 109

CHAPTER IX

ENGLAND'S NAVAL SUPREMACY ADMITTED — GERMANY SECOND — BRITISH FLEET SCATTERED — THE GERMAN CRUISER EMDEN RAIDS COMMERCE UNMOLESTED — GREAT BRITAIN FINALLY CLEARS THE SEAS 113

CHAPTER X

FRENCH AND BRITISH HOLD LINES — CROWN PRINCE'S DRIVE ON VERDUN — MARSHAL PETAIN REORGANIZES VERDUN'S DEFENSE — GERMANS DRIVEN BACK — ALLIED SUCCESSES CONTINUE 121

CHAPTER XI

RUSSIAN REVOLUTION — REPUBLIC FORMED — CZAR'S IMPRISONMENT — BLOODY RIOTS — KERENSKY BECOMES LEADER — TROTSKY AND LENINE SUCCEED KEREN- SKY — RUSSIA IN CHAOTIC STATE 131

CHAPTER XII

AMERICA NEUTRAL — AMERICAN LIVES LOST ON SUBMARINED VESSELS — PRES. WIL- SON PROTESTS — LUSITANIA SUNK — THE WORLD AGHAST — U. S. AT BREAKING POINT — OTHER U. S. VESSELS SUNK 138

CHAPTER X I I X

GERMAN PROPAGANDA DELUDES UNITED STATES — GERMAN AMBASSADOR B E R N S- TOfiFF PRIME MOVER — MUNITION WORKS DESTROYED — GERMANY AND MEXICO PLOT AGAINST UNITED STATES — THE BOLO PASHA AFFAIR — PRESIDENT WII^ SON'S FAILURE TO RECEIVE REFORMS 153 j

CHAPTER XIV

UNITED STATES FORCED INTO WAR — MERCHANT SHIPS ARMED — SHIPBUILDING AND

MUNITIONS IN PROGRESS — FOOD CONSERVATION — DRAFT PROCESS STARTED — . UNITED STATES' GIGANTIC PLANS FOR A LENGTHY WAR TO THE FINISH 161 J

CHAPTER XV

ALLIES MAKE TREMENDOUS GAINS — GERMANS MAKE ATTACKS WITH GREAT LOSSES — GERMANS REPEATEDLY REPULSED — AMERICANS GAIN LARGE AREAS OF TERRI- TORY — FOCH MASTER OF THE ENTIRE SITUATION 171 |

CHAPTER X\-I

GERMANY WEAKENS — BULGARIA SURRENDERS — TURKEY SURRENDERS — AUSTRIAN ARMISTICE AND SURRENDER FOLLOW — GERMANY SIGNS ARMISTICE — KAISER ABDICATES AND FLEES — MILITARY AND NAVAL FORCES SURRENDER — ALLIES OCCUPY GERMANY — CASUALTIES 181

STATE P A !• E R S AND A I T H E N T I C DOCUMENTS

WITH IRON FIST AND SHINING SWORD BY THE GERMAN KAISER — HOW TO WIN IN WAR- PARE BY MARSHAL FOCH — GREAT BRITAIN'S AIMS BY LLOYD GEORGE — PRUS- SIANISM BY ROBERT LANSING — FOURTEEN POINTS OF PEACE, FORCE TO THE UT- MOST, RED CROSS ADDRESS. ETC., BY WOODROW WILSON 209

TABLE OF CONTENTS— Continued

PAP IT AMERICA'S PART IN THE WAR.

(Official War Reports)

ACHIEVEMENTS OF THE AMERICAN ARMY IN THE WAR BY NEWTON D. BAKER HIS- ■

TORY OP THE AMERICAN EXPEDITIONARY FORCE BY GEN. JOHN J. PERSHING — ACHIEVEMENTS OF THE AMERICAN NAVY IN THE WAR BY JOSEPHUS DANIELS — AMERICAN WAR CHRONOLOGY BY GEN. PEYTON C. MARCH — NAVAL BATTLES OF THE WAR BY ADMIRAL WM. S. SIMS 225

THE ARMISTICE TERMS, BY WOODROW WILSON, PRESIDENT OP THE U. S 295

CANADA'S PART IN THE WAR.

CHAPTER I

(Tlie Creation of the Army)

QUICK MOBILIZATION AND TRAINING — FIRST CONTINGENT SAILS — GEN. HUGHES RE- SIGNS — HIGH TIDE OF VOLUNTEERISM REACHED — MILITARY SERVICE ACT PASS- ED — NUMBER OF ENLISTMENTS 317

CHAPTER II

(Work of the Canadians In 1914 and 1915)

LANDING OP THE FIRST CONTINGENT — TRAINING OVERSEAS — LORD ROBERTS AD- DRESSES CANADIANS — ESTABLISH HEADQUARTERS IN FRANCE — CANADIANS NEV- ER BUDGE — FIRST SERVICE AT THE FRONT — THE GREAT BATTLE OF YPRES — THE FIRST GAS ATTACK — CALAIS SAVED — ATTACK OF FESTUBERT — "PRINCESS PATS" — SIR ROBERT BORDEN VISITS CANADIANS AT FRONT 333

CHAPTER III

(The Campaigns of 1916 and 1917)

ST. ELOI — FIGHTING IN THE YPRES SALIENT — GEN. HAIG PAYS TRIBUTE TO CANA- DIANS — HILL 60 — BATTLE OF THE SOMME — GERMANS RETIRE TO HINDENBERG LINE — VIMY RIDGE — GEN. CURRIE PLACED IN COMMAND — HILL 70 355

CHAPTER IV

(The Pinal Campaign of 1918)

AMIENS — SECOND BATTLE OF THE SOMME — ARRAS — QUEANT — DROCOURT — CAM-

BRAI — MONS — THE ARMISTICE 3C5

'CHAPTER V

(The Cost of the War In Men and Money)

THE CASUALTY LISTS — THE FINANCIAL COST — BANK DEPOSITS INCREASED — GOV- ERNMENT LOANS — SPLENDID WORK OF VOLUNTARY WAR ORGANIZATIONS— QUAN- TITY OF SHELLS AND AMMUNITION PRODUCED 3G.>

PACTS, STORIES AND IN CI d'eN TS RELATING TO THE WORLII

WAR

DECLARATIONS OF WAR — HISTORY OF THE SUBMARINE — THE LIBERTY ENGINE — THE WORLD'S LARGEST SEAPLANE — MATERIALS USED IN THE CONSTRUCTION OF AN AIRPLANE — KING DECORATES AMERICAN YOUTH — CANADIAN ACE OP ACES — FOOD USED BY THE AMERICAN ARMY ABROAD — NUMBER OF GARMENTS KNITTED — DEBTS OF BELLIGERENTS — UNITED ST.VTES LOANS TO FOREIGN GOVERNMENTS — LIBERTY LOANS — COLORED HEROES ARE "HELL FIGHTERS" — DEATH OF THE MAN WHO STARTED THE WORLD WAR — SOLDIER DOGS NOT LEAST OF HEROES — ITALIAN SPY TELLS HOW HE DID IT —THE BLOCKING OF ZEEBRUGGE — THE BLOCK- ING OF THE OSTEND CHANNEL — THE SURRENDER OF THE GERMANY NAVY 373

PRONOUNCING VOCABULARY *^^

WAR CYCLOPAEDIA ^^"^

WAR CHRONOT.OGY *^''

THE PEACE CONFERENCE, THE LEAGUE OP NATIONS, AND PEACE TERMS 473

• XI

LIST OF COLORED ILLUSTRATIONS

ROLL, OF HONOR FOR SOLDIERS' AND SAILORS' MILITARY RECORD II

FLAGS OF THE UNITED STATES AND CANADA AND THEIR TWENTY-THREE ALLIES XIX

MARSHAL FERDINAND FOCH, COMMANDER IN CHIEF OF THE ALLIED ARMIES 37

THE "VICTORIOUS RETREAT" BACK TO THE RHINE 56

A ZEPPELIN'S LURID END ABOVE THE CLOUDS 74

BRITISH MACHINES CHASING THE GERMAN SCARLET SCOUTS 91

THE FAMOUS "LOST BATTALION" IN THE ARGONNE FOREST 125

PACK UP YOUR TROUBLES IN YOUR OLD SEA BAG 144

THE PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES DELIVERING HIS MOMENTOUS MESSAGE TO CONGRESS, DECLARING THAT A STATE OF WAR EXISTED BETWEEN THE UNITED STATES AND GERMANY 234-235

UNITED STATES FLAG "AMERICA" 262

THEY FLASH THE LIGHT OF FREEDOM ACROSS THE SEA 279

WOODROW WILSON, PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES 282 j

GENERAL JOHN J. PERSHING, COMMANDER IN CHIEF OP THE UNITED STATES FORCES

ABROAD 299 1

THE INDOMITABLE CANADIANS AT THE FAMOUS BATTLE OF YPRES 326-327 '

SIR DOUGLAS HAIG, COMMANDER IN CHIEF OF THE BRITISH FORCES IN FRANCE AND

BELGIUM 354

CANADIAN FLAG— "GOD SAVE THE KING" 371

WHEN THE WHINE OP "KAMERAD!" LIFTS ABOVE THE CLAMOR 453

••PEACE ON EARTH, GOOD WILL TOWARD MEN" 472

LT.-COLONEL BISHOP'S PERSONALLY AUTOGRAPHED PHOTOGRAPH (ONE COLOR) ... INSERT |

xn

INTRODUCTORY CHAPTER

By JAMES MARTIN MILLER

THE BATTLE GROUND BEFORE THE WAR — THE GREAT CHALK WINE CELLARS OP FRANCE— PRUSSIAN ARROGANCE AND CRUELTIES DUR- ING THE SPANISH WAR, THE FILIPINO WAR AND THE BOXER WAR IN CHINA — GERMAN KULTUR AND EFFICIENCY — IMPOSSIBLE CONDUCT OF THE PRUSSIAN WAR LORDS — GERMAN PROPAGANDA — SECRET INTRIGUES — PRINCE HENRY'S VISIT TO AMERICA — HIS RECEPTION — TRADE RIVALS.

It was my privilege to live for some years in that part of France which was the principal battle ground of the great world war. I was appointed by President Roosevelt at different times during his administration to three different posts. First he appointed me as the Rep- resentative of the United States Govern- ment at the beautiful and historic city of Aix la Oliapelle, Germany, then as United States Consul General to New Zealand, on the other side of the world, and from tliere as the representative of our Government at Rheims, France, spelled Reims by the French. A little later in this Chapter I will touch upon my experience with the Imperial German Government while I was in that country.

As the representative of the United States Government in the Consular District of France that includes the departments of Aisne, Ardennes, Marne, Aube, Meuse, Vosges, Haute-Manie and Meurthe-et- Moselle, I lived and had my headquarters at Rheims, for some years just before the war. Rheims, a city of considerably over one hundred thousand inhabitants, with one of the most beautiful and historic cathe- drals of the world, was almost entirely destroyed during the war. The city was entirely depopulated and the civilian in- habitants had to flee farther south and west to other parts of France for their lives and their safety.

A glance at the map of France will in- dicate to the reader that the eight depart- ments, named above, comprising my Con- sular District, was the groimd over which the war was waged for more than four years with a fury and viciousness never before known in warfare. This district

borders on Belgium, Luxemburg and Alsace-Lorraine. The Marne, the Aisne, the Vesle, the Meuse and other streams whose names adorn with sad pride so many of America's battle-flags, flow through it.

After August and September, 1914, Belgium saw very little fighting; but this District of France saw more than four years of constant and furious battle. _ It was overrun by the Huns time and time again. Helpless women and children were tortured and made prisoners and slaves. Neither Belgium nor any other country suffered such devastation, and material destruction. From one end to the other this District is a vast graveyard. A million men dyed its soil with their life blood. Practically all the battles engaged in by_ our American troops were in this American Consular District. Our coun- try and all the world knows about Chateau Thierry and St. Mihiel, and the gallantry of Uncle Sam's troops in those two briUiant and si,gnificant actions.

It is difficult to realize the stupendous tragedy that through all those years hung over that beautiful country, whose fields and towns are as familiar to me as are those of the home state or country of the reader. I look back to that time with affection, in the glow of happy memories.

The story of Rheims goes back to the days of the Roman Empire, and bears the marks of manj^ Gallic insurrections. In com- paratively later times Joan of Arc caused Charles VII to be crowned in the great ca- thedral there,nowa ruin: Before theFrench Republic came into being Rheims was the center of the old Champagne Province. The sparkling wine known as Champagne takes its name from this province. The

xm

THE PEOPLE'S WAR BOOK

peculiar qualities of the soil of this District are such tliat it is claimed that the genuine champagiie grape cannot he produced any- where else in the world. In France the law prescribes strict penalties for wine growers who use the name cliampagiie on any wine produced outside of tliis District.

The greater part of this District is under- laid with solid chalk deposits. In places the chalk extends hundreds of feet deep. It is this that gives the peculiar flavor to the champagiie grape. There are hundreds of firms in the champagne industry. A few of them are enormous concerns with vast capital. Their names are known in everj- city and country of the world.

Some of the larger firms have cellars or caves that are veritable tunnels dug 30, 50 and 80 feet under ground tli rough the solid chalk deposits. The chalk is soft at first Imt when opened up and exposed to the air it becomes quite hard and solid. No sup- ports are needed to prevent these great cellars, that often extend 6 to 10 miles, from caving in.

They are electrically lighted yet the visitor witliout a guide would be almost certain to be lost in tlie la])yrintli of tun- nels, called cellars, that lead off from the main tunnel in every direction. In places are great wooden casks 6 to 10 feet high, and almost the same in diameter, filled with grape juice fresh from the press at first. This remains in the casks for about one year, then it is transferred to bottles and stays in the cellar 3 to 4 years before it is ready for the market. In any one of the large cellars one may see millions of bottles in orderly rows extending for miles. While I lived there Rheims exported to the United States on an average of about six million dollars' worth of champagne a year at wholesale prices. Our Government re- ceived from two to three million dollars a year in customs duties on this champagne. It was to these great champagne tunnels, or cellars that the inhabitants of Rheims sought refuge far under ground when the city and great cathedral were being bom- barded by the Germans on several occa- sions. It is said that 4,000 men, wom.pn and children lived in one of these champagne cellars for several days at a time. When the firing would cease thev would return

to their damaged homes, only to be driven back to the wine cellars for safety, tiie next week or tlie next month. And this was tlieir experience during the greater period of tlie war. During the last j-ear of the war, however, tlie sanitary condition of the cellars became such, the destruction to the city so.great and the danger of com- plete capture by the Germans possible, that the entire population left Die city the most of them becoming objects of charity in the alreadj' overcrowded homes of France, beyond the war zone.

I witnessed much of the Prussian arrogance and their cruelties during- the Spanish war of 1898, the Filipino war of 1899 and the Boxer war in China in 1900 during each of which I was a war corres- pondent. At Manila I liad discussed them with Admiral Dewey. The Admiral always contended that it was impossible to make the people back home understand the "impossible" conduct of the German or rather the Prussian war Lords. The in- dustrious and thriving Germans inhabiting the United States knew notliing about the intrigues and tlie trickery the high officials of Germany were capable of. Native born Americans, we knew, who believed the Im- perial German Government was the most highly ci-\alized and efficient in the world.

The imaginations of a very large per- centage of our people had been completely captured Ijy the German propaganda which essayed to impress u])on the people of the world, and particularly the impressionable people of the United States, that German kultnr and efficiency were superior to any in the woi-ld. And they succeeded to a larger extent than has ever before been done by any Nation in the world^s history. The Prussian war Lords evidently believed that llieir first step in conquering the world was to capture and hold the imaginations of the people of the principal countries of the world, with their sentiments strongly pro-German. Tliis done and it was to oe a veiy short and easy task, witli the great- est and most perfect military macliine that ever existed, to finish the work of absolute domination of the world by first smashing France in from thirty to sixty days, by a short cut in violation of all honor, across helpless Belgium.

XIV

INTRODITCTO-RY CHAPTER

And in this, as well as the sinking of the Lusitania, murdering- over 100 Americans, and over 40 babies under one year of age, besides their countless acts of atrocity and tlie tlirowing of their sacred obligations and bonor to the winds, tliere were large num- bers of Americans in ever)^ state who were tlieir apologists and their defenders. The German propaganda, operating quietly for many years previous to the war, had brought about this result.

Admiral Dewey, in his autobiography, touches upon how the German Admiral von Dietrichs, with his fleet in Manila Bay, conducted himself, with orders from his Government, with a high hand regardless of all honor and tlie conventions between nations. The atrocities practiced by the Prussians among the Chinese in the Boxer War, their deportation of the innocent and lielpless King Mataafa of the Samoan Islands 3,000 miles from his people for six years, were written aliout in this country Imt made no impression upon the German captured and conquered imaginations of tliis country.

From Manila I had sent accounts of the outrageous conduct of the German Admiral in Manila Bay and their secret intriguing with the Spanish officers. In this they violated their neutrality and international law in many ways, as Admiral Dewey sets forth in his book. I also described the cruel deportation of Mataafa, king of tlie Samoans. After Admiral Dewey's returu to the United States he gave me an inter- view on Germany and the German Navy which was published in even' newspaper in the .United States, in England, in France and, of course, Germany. It was not long till I learned that Germany for years had clipped, put in book form and carefidly indexed for ready reference everything that was critical, or otherwise, about Ger- many, holding the -writers or sigTiers of such articles strictly accountable.

Shortly after my return to Washington President Roosevelt appointed me United States Consul to Aix la Chapelle, Germany. I was promptly confirmed by the Senate and started across the Ocean to my post. I waited at Aix la Chapelle five or six weeks for my exequatur, or certificate of authoritv from the German Government.

In thinking the matter over, I concluded that the German Foreign office was with- holding my exequatur because of what I iiad written about Germany a few years before. Speck von Sternburg was then German Ambassador to Washington. He was in Paris. I decided to go and see him. He said he knew nothing about it personally but he presumed the foreign office at Berlin was witholding my exequatur for the rea- sons I have named above. The Ambassador suggested that I write a letter to Prince Henry, brother of the Kaiser and Admiral of the German Navy, at Kiel, I crossed the Ocean with the Prince, as the represen- tative of the Associated Press and the 'London Daily Express, to write the account of the Prince's famous trip to this country. I wrote him, and tlie matter of I'emoving the obstacle to the granting of my exe- quatur was accomplished, but it came too late. President Roosevelt became im- patient and when the German Ambassador told him I could now have an exequatur to any post in Germany, the President by a stroke of the pen appointed me Consul General to New Zealand, wliicli was a pro- motion. Great Britain issued me an exe- quatur forthwith. I was after a time appointed Consul to Rlieims, France and that country had my exequatur to me within twenty-four hours.

Our more aggressive newspapers printed verA^ sensational accounts of my experience in Germany. "V\nien my ship arrived in New York a dozen reporters met me at tlie ship and when I reached Washington it was the same kind of a reception by the correspondents. Some of the more sen- sational papers represented that I had lieen deported from Germany, persona non f/rafa to the Kaiser, etc. Of course I was not sent out of Germany; they simply refused for a time to recognize me, as a punishment for what I had written. No other Nation ever did such a thing as this.

Prince Henry's trip to the United States in 1902, as the Kaiser's representative was a mission of propaganda, of course. He was accompanied liy half a dozen high officials, or war, Lords. Among these were Admiral von Tirpitz, who conducted the barbarous submarine warfare, and Adj. General von Plessen. I spent a week with

XV

THE PEOPLE'S WAR BOOK

Prince Henrj^ and this party on the Kron- printz. It was a very stormy voyage. The day before we docked at New York was Washington's birthday, February 22, 1902. The Prince sent for me and my two companions to come to the banquet room. We thought it pretty early in the morning to be invited to a banquet room.: It had never occurred to us that it was Wash- ington's birthday, I regret to say. With Prince Henry, Admiral von Tirpitz and the rest of tlie Imperial partj% we sat down at a table. The Prince had ordered cham- pagne, and right after breakfast, too.

Lifting his glass, the Kaiser's brother proposed a toast to "tlie Father of his country, George Washington." He had anticipated us. Of course he well knew that this would be printed by us in the American newspapers immediately upon our arrival. There was some such episode as this each day during the seven days' voy- age across the Atlantic, which shows how carefully thought out was everything per- taining to this trip to America.

THE VISIT OF PRINCE HENRY

Prince Henry speaks English very well, of course; and on his voyage to New York he took the precaution to enrich his English vocabulary with a few expressive Amer- icanisms. Among these, as he said, was the verb "to hustle"; and he was destined to learn by experience the meaning of it, while trying to keep up with tlie program that had been laid out for him. Entertain- ments, official calls and various "func- tions" all in quick succession, was the rule for him by day, followed by troubled sleep at night on a railway train, beginning at about 2 A. M. Thus, after the elaborate state dinner at, the White House, he boarded his special train for New York, preceded by President Roosevelt in another special train; and upon their arrival at Jersey City, both parties hastened down to Shooter's Island, where the Kaiser's schooner was to be launched. It was a rainy day, but the affair was thoroughly successful. Miss Alice Roosevelt cut the restraining rope with her silver hatchet, broke the traditional bottle of wine over the schooner's bow, and received through Prince Henry from the absent Kaiser, a

beautiful bracelet bearing his portrait in diamonds. The President swung Ins hat and called for three cheers for the Kaiser. The Prince swung his hat in a call for cheers for the President's daughter; and then Mr. Roosevelt and the Prince cheered each other. Then the royal visitor came up the bay to receive the freedom of the city, to dine with Mayor Low and one hun- dred prominent citizens at the Metro- politan Club, and to enjoy a gala night in the Metropolitan Opera House, where the stars of the great opera company sang to an auditoi'iuni that glittered with diamonds and in which the resources of the deco- rator's art had been exhausted. It was very late when the Prince arrived once more at his quarters on the "Hohen- zollern", and sought a little rest to pre- pare him for the ordeal of the morrow, when he was to meet the captains of in- dustry and 1,200 American Editors at tlie great banquet.

Prince Henry returned to New York at the end of a railway journey of more than 4,500 miles. From Chattanooga, where he greatly enjoj'ed the view of the battle- field from Lookout Mountain, he had moved northward to St. Louis, Chicago and Milwaukee. Returning eastward by way of Niagara Falls, he had visited Boston and received the honorary degree of LIj.D. from Harvard University, reserving Albany and West Point for the closing liours of the trip. In the last days of his visit, the Prince increased the length of liis brief addresses, and spoke with more ease. At St. Louis, where he was still speaking with some restraint, he said :

"I want you to know that Germany is ever ready to exchange greetings and shake hands across the Atlantic whenever you are ready to do so. I am also the representative of a nation which is ever ready to fight, a nation of arms but not a belligerent nation. My sovereign is ever an advocate of peace, and intends keeping his peace with the nations. I find tliat the United States is worth having as a friend."

It was in Chicago that he began to show in his address the skill of the expert after- dinner speaker, together with the practical wi.sdom of a political candidate. In Cam-

INTRODUCTORY CHAPTER

bridge he introduced a felicitous resi)onse with the remark that he had found there everything he expected except the "Har- vard indifference" of which he had heard so much, and closed it witii three cheers for Theodore Roosevelt. A notable speech at the banquet in Boston was that of P]x- Secretary of State Olney, who said tliat the Prince's mission was most opportune because of its relation to international trade contests. Having referred to our recent invasion of some foreign markets, he continued as follows :

"What we have done simply amounts to a challenge to all other nationalities, and we are now entering upon a contest for industrial supremacy, the most intense and arduous the world has ever seen. For- tunate will it be if this contest does not, like so many others, degenerate into a grim-visaged war with all its unutterable brutalities and horrors. The errand here of your Royal Highness, with the hearty welcome tendered and the favorable im- pression produced, should do much to pre- clude so dire a result. Under its influence the two countries are recognizing each other as generous and worthy rivals — are joining in a sort of handshake as a cour- teous but significant preliminary to the combat before them — and are thus in a

way pledging themselves that, whatever the stress of the contest, it shall not ti'ans- gress the rightful rules of tlie game nor overstep the limits wliicli Christianized and civilized peoples ought to observe under whatever provocation. If the pledge shall in truth be kept and the corresponding consequence follow, the visit to the United States of Prince Henry of Prussia will deserve to go on record as one of the most memorable ejiisodes in the history of in- ternational intercourse."

It is obviously impossible to set forth here any detailed account of the many en- tertainments wliich tlie Prince enjoyed. Among those which were most elaborate and which especially attracted attention were the breakfast at the house of Mr. and Mrs. Ogden Mills, in New York, the grand banquet of the German Society, and the dinner at the