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Gunny if yO et a ee Dene Oe Bic bat rane atte tr ee a Ce bee eRe ee fe Neko be Rehr au fo Ore ire he ete 4 W@imror wc) werner} teak es ‘ aes Prenee emree en ee Borat iy WA araits sie ret isa4 be aetrobie Mie ob deyed, Hh isibde AAdditedny Welad vandal ees eo. vr ee ery Wa er beset tty boob dat aled ini) Peraoutytaat . abe tenet AEE Ne ar ah bier Mie Pte aN aed Ret tithe ad (hark ® ardede (Ihe eo a rwerpewrenryriere trou inert: | eb Arete Waratah ey Pooh oer hy rina a Wide “ee Hey tN Pop ay anil a tee Hy er Wie uricien ric: Crome rai si tine a ye iQen live + sedioh Rubdodidage aah as OG eae aati nie bali: nM este! i ia i Me style phate err sehacknedo ed oho soigs Ay 9 ee Ad were Paver ys erry py eer ti i eect ap haoeh Temeinrn? 4g de bar ou plade boat pce eee Jireseuted to Che Wibrary of the University of Coronto hu = E.M. Walker Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2009 with funding from University of Toronto http://www.archive.org/details/annalsento04ento ie a a ! Oy ieaay Th i i Py hy - etree. | i i oe : Vie ilats son , hie aR oe wus + . ; 2 iM e¢ 4 y vy i ; at ; 7 . 5 ‘ A \ a i" ; a 27 4 eee Oe ’ i" Aa oy i iol « ae i, ie : bs ANNALS OF The Entomological Society of America // | VOL OME. PV 31-9511 EDITORIAL BOARD J. H. COMSTOCK, L. O. HOWARD, PEEPACAS UNeaavi WASHINGTON, D. C. C. J. S. BETHUNE, W. M. WHEELER, GUELPH, ONTARIO, CANADA. Boston, MASs. C. W. JOHNSON, Pee CAI VERT: Boston, Mass. PHILADELPHIA, PA, V. L. KELLOG, J. W. FOLSOM, STANFORD UNIVv., CAL. URBANA, ILLS. HERBERT OSBORN, Managing Editor, COLUMBUS, OHIO. PUBLISHED QUARTERLY BY THE SOCIETY COLUMBUS, OHIO CONTENTS OF VOLUME IV. ; PAGE Notes on African Myrmeleonidae. NATHAN BANKS...........00..ce0ee eee 1 The Lithobiomorpha of the Southeastern States. Rapa V. CHAMBERLIN... 32 Notes on the Synonomy of the Genera Included in the Tribe Lachninae. SPM VVIEIESON 0 fore coca onspsies~ dic orstetarsusie-o crauayeheielayarevarert pela store stela secre nfo moeeeist one ol Summary of the Food Habits of American Gall Midges. E. P. FELT......... 55 The Structure and Systematic Importance of the Spermatophores of Crickets. MEMES 2 Su ise nc cao ss tsiei dls SU Se sae is Sloe yee ee eee 63 Notes on the Life History of the Larch Case-Bearer (Coleophora Laricella). GHIA, IBIS ae ees Ieee ae Emm orn ha, eee ata at 68 Further Biological Notes on the Colorado Potato Beetle Leptinotarsa 1=lneata say. A.A. GIRAULT and JAMES ZETEK.... 2.2.02 0cceoo0 oe 2: a Minutes of the Minneapolis Meeting. J. G. SANDERS...............-.------- 84 racer all 27a Myrmecelurus Gostal ‘series’ double. 2 0...0 oad jac Fee eee Syngenes Costall™ series -~single ws... 3a oan ee ee eee Acanthaclisis The branches of radial sector are bent to form a straight line through the middle of the apical part of the wing; basal joint of the tarsus about as long sas ‘the apicall.< 2.0. 40 ass Se eee Nesoleon No vstieh line through theswings= © 5.2 jae ieee er 10 In fore wings the radial sector arises before the cubital fork; many costals before’ therstigmamare ecrossed =. eo ae ee Hagenomyia In fore-wings the radial sector arises much beyond the cubital fork; costals are: mostly simple... <2). ... nace eo ee Myrmeleon (a) A series of cross-veins before the radial sector are crossed; very large SPO CLES oa Sas seri euahd dus aidee She Clee ee eee subgenus Macroleon puts present and idistinet.: 2.5. na. eras See 12 No spurs: Legs. very slender). 4... ee Gymnocnemia Legs. “of “usual. “length! 92:2. cess aoe ee ee Gymnoleon The forks of cubitus in the fore-wing are parallel for a distance, and the anal isalso) parallel to*them. 4...) 22 eee eee Creagris The forks of cubitus diverge, and the anal is not parallel to the upper branch, and to the lower only for a short distanee..... ¥.. 95.02 oe ee 13 Joints 2, 3, and 4 of tarsus very long, each as long as basal joint. . ..Megistopus Joints 2 and 3 very short, but little longer*thantbnoad: 27). sso 14 Legs very slender; the tibie I and II as long or longer than femora I and IT; basal tarsal joint nearly as long as apical; spurs as long as two ets antenne very slender; wings broad and much marked (Dendroleoni)... .15 Legs shorter; the tibie I and [I shorter than femora I and II, the basal tarsal joint plainly shorter than the apicai (Nemo'eonin?)..................- 16 Wings especially hind pair very strongly iaicate at tip; first joint of tarsus longer than the dast.)s¢) eee ee Eee eee caffer Median band of hind-wings bent inward behind; stigmal spot broader behind than in front, and! reaches hind =marcins- 2 see sae 28 Median band not bent inward at tip; stigmal spot not reaching hind margin and narrow behind ». |...250245). be oa ee ae ee eee 32 Wings broad; median band of hind-wings does not reach the hind margin. hispanus Wings usually narrow, median band of hind-wings reaches hind-margin....29 Apical mark of hind wings connected to the stigmal...................... 30 Apical mark of hind-wings not connected to stigmal; two yellowish spots on front. of: the ‘pronotum :s -. . 222 52h See Sere ei oe ee 3l But lightly marked, stigmal spot of fore-wings larger, from Madagascar. . martini More heavily marked, stigmal spot smaller; from South Africa (may be same) cataractae No small spots between median and stigmal spots in fore-wings. . . .damarensis Many small spots between median and stigmal spots in the fore-wings.... formosus Stigmal spot of hind-wings connected to a large spot just before it . . .cephalotes Stigmal spot of hind-wings without a spot just before it.................. Stigmal spot of hind wings reaches across wing, in fore-wings nearly across; median ‘spot of fore-wings vey, MarrOWweres. i yee percheroni . Stigmal spot of hind-wings and fore-wings not near across wing. . .libelluloides Palpares formosus n. sp. Head black, clypeus yellow; pronotum black, with two yellow spots in front; rest of the thorax black, with several pale spots through the middle; legs black; abdomen pale, darker toward tip. Wings very slender; forewings densely spotted with small brown dots, but a narrow angulate median band crosses the wing, the stigmal spots small, and a rather large preapical spot. Hindwings with a large spot over the fork of the cubitus, an angulate median band crosses the wing to the hind margin, leaving two small hyaline spots on the hind margin; a stigmal band crosses the wing, leaving one hyaline spot on the hind margin, 1911] Notes on African Myrmeleonide a and it has an inner projection toward the median band; a transverse, preapical band, connected each side around the tip and thus enclosing a hyaline spot. Expanse SO mm. From Willowmore, Cape Colony, 20 Febr. (Dr. Brauns). Similar to P. damarensis McLach., but with more slender wings; the forepair with spots all over the surface, not clear between the median and stigmal bands. (Banks coll.) Acanthaclisis Rambur. This genus 1s related to Myrmeleon, but distinguished by the very heavy legs, and the much curved or rather geniculate spurs; the body and legs are extremely hairy; the antenne are rather close together at base; the wings in most forms havea line through the apical part of the wings formed by the bending of - the branches of the radial sector, and there is a similar line through the cubital area formed by the bending of the branches of the upper cubitus. Type—A. occitanica. The genus Syngenes formed for A. debilis Gerst, is scarcely more than a subgenus; it has many of the costal crossveins crossed.* The genus Centroclisis is, I think, a synonym of Acanthaclisis, its type species agreeing closely with my speci- mens of A. distincta. Quite a number of species have been described from Africa; Dr. Van der Weele examined Gerstaecker’s types and placed most of them as synonyms of other forms; I have seen only a few of the species, and the following table is based partly on the descriptions. 1. Costal area with many of cross veins crossed (Syngenes)....... SEES Costal area with most of cross-veins simple or forlked= 232 Sse eee ee Bat, 1911] Notes on African Myrmeleonide 23 5. All the cross-veins are margined with brown; pronotum pale, with lateral darkistripe, and three dark spots in the middle .~..:. 2.2.2... ianthe PNGEOSs-VEeIms NOt margimed. with. DEOWN: 20.2... ee ee ioe gee eee eens 6 6. A median forked stripe on pronotum; cross-veins nearly all dark; stigma VRIDES Senta eam eed aioe Or eae SRO REA ORE NEN REE rat ne en ra tinctus Normedrantiorkedtstripe Om the pronotum. —.. 5... 2. ag. ce eee os beens 7 “I Pronotum yellow, with two spots at front margin and a median one behind, and a narrow stripe each side dark; nearly all cross-veins dark ...euanthe PROMO UMM e MOOS hyena ts Keeey. cetemey ces. ccan is TS yeu ede 2c a .oc,c oh oie vhs Ree a ee Mee 8 8. Pronotum dark with a narrow, pale, medianline.................. chloranthe INGE. BS), “MEE eg Sis pesreose ae on en pice iCee One en re ee ae a 9 9. A black dot at end of anal vein, and one at base of stigma; pronotum all Cleanses (Guo rokenkspecimen SEEM inant) flakes ct cok, acs sees ae ene sp. No dots on wings; pronotum marked with pale, (a broken specimen seen). *sp. Macronemurus striola Kolbe. From Bagamoyo, and Lindi,. D. O. Afrika; the former specimen is small, and slightly marked, but does not seem to differ in structure. Macronemurus tinctus Kolbe. From Peleki and: Netrom See, D. O. Afrika, and © Kiiui, East Africa. Macronemurus chloranthe n. sp. Face yellow, a black band below and a broader one above antenne, two rows of dots on the vertex, the hind one curved; antenne slender, broadly annulate with brown; pronotum fullv as long as broad, sides subparallel, dark, a narrow, median pale line, and a pale sinuate stripe each side, a black dot each side on the transverse furrow, thorax dark, black on middle of metanotum, and some faint pale marks in front; abdomen blackish, a pale yellowish streak each side above on middle of each segment, shorter than wings; legs pale, femora darker near tip, tibize with subbasal and apical marks brown, joints 2, 3, 4, and apical part of 5 black, legs white-haired, a few black bristles, apical joint of tarsus much longer than broad, spirs fully as long as two joints. Wings hyaline, venation black and white, usually in long streaks, especially prominent on subcosta, radius, and cubitus, a dark spot at base of stigma, and the crossvein below it black, outer gradates dark and spot at end of anal vein; in hind wings with spot at stigma; wings slender, acute at tips, 7 crossveins before radial sector in forewings, S branches to radial sector in both pairs. Expanse 46 mm. From Okahanda, S. W. Afrika. Macronemurus iolanthe n. sp. Face yellow, interantennal mark and the vertex all black; antennz long, brown, tip darker; pronotum a little longer than broad, narrowed in front, dull blackish, with faint median pale line, and a broader pale mark on each side, indistinct in some lights; thorax and abdomen black, latter with white hairs, apical segment pale; abdomen of female shorter than wings; legs with mostly black femora, anterior pairs paler in front, 24 Annals Entomological Society of America _[Vol. IV, tibize I and II blackish above, tarsi long, but apical joint much longer than basal, spurs about as long as two joints. Wings hyaline, outer margin near tip fumose, more prominent in hind wings, a spot on fork of cubitus, one below stigma, two on radius beyond stigma, one at anastomosis of cubitus and median, and an oblique one at end of anal vein, black, some small dots along anal vein beyond its middle; hind wings unmarked, venation mostly pale, the subcosta, radius, and cubitus faintly dotted with dark. Wings long and slender, acute at tips, 7 crossveins before radial sector, 10 or 11 branches of radial sector in both pairs; the anal (in forewings) runs parallel to cubital fork for some distance, six or seven cross-veins between them. Expanse 64 mm. From Bismarckburg, Togo. Macronemurus melanthe n. sp. Face yellowish, interantennal mark and vertex entirely black; antenne brown, darker at tips; pronotum a little broader than long, dull yellowish brown, with indistinct dark marks, a pair in front, a pair behind, and the outer posterior edges black; thorax mostly black; abdomen blackish; legs pale, femora and tibize dotted with red brown, tarsi long and slender, last joint as long as the first three joints, spurs only a little longer than basal joint. Wings hyaline, venation pale, almost unmarked, stigma not distinct. Wings long and slender, acute at tips, 6 crossveins before radial sector in forewings, 11 branches of radial sector in both pairs; in forewings the anal vein runs parallel to the cubital fork farther than in other species (except iolanthe), there being five to seven crossveins between them. Male abdomen is longer than the wings, the appendages rather long, but not one-half as long as the penultimate joint. Expanse 58 mm. From Bismarckburg, Togo. Macronemurus euanthe n. sp. Head yellow, a black band above and below antenne, a narrow trans- verse line across front of vertex, and a curved row of six small dark spots behind, behind this a median spot; antenne rather long, pale, faintly annulate with brown, pronotum not much broader than long, pale yellowish, two submedian spots on front margin, a median spot behind, and a stripe each side, brown, the latter not reaching front margin; thorax yellow, spotted with dark, anterior lobe with two spots and the anterior margin dark, scutelli with median dark stripe, and dark streak over base of wings; abdomen shorter than wings, dark, pale on base, white-haired; legs pale, some dots on the hind femora, a sub-basal and apical mark above on tibiz I and II, and tip of tarsus dark, long erect bristles on femora and tibia, last joint of tarsus nearly as long as the others together, spurs as long as three joints (leg I) or two joints (leg III). Wings hyaline, nearly all crossveins dark, and margined with _ pale brown, longitudinal veins pale, the radius and cubitus with dark dots; in hind wings the crossveins not margined, but some dark dots 1911] Notes on African Myrmeleonide 25 near apical margin. Wings rather slender, forewings acute at tips, hind wings subfalcate; 7 crossveins before radial sector in forewings, 9 branches of radial sector in both pairs. Male abdomen longer than wings very slender, appendages filiform, about as long as the penultimate joint. Expanse 45 mm. From Reitfontein, D. S. W. Afrika, (at light). Macronemurus ianthe n. sp. Very similar to M. euanthe, the same spotting of pronotum and thorax; the head has the interantennal mark reaching farther up on the vertex so there is no line across the vertex and in place of the row of spots is an anchor shaped mark, and a dot each side adjoining the eye; abdomen yellowish brown, white-haired; legs asin M. euanthe, the spurs hardly longer than two joints; wings as in M. euanthe, but all cross-veins are more heavily bordered with brown, the subcosta, radius, andscubitus are prominently white and black; in hind wings many crossveins, espec- ially in the posterior part of wings, are margined with brown, the sub- costa, radius, and cubitus white and brown; stigma yellowish. Wings slender acute at tips, 7 crossveins before radial sector in forewings, 10 branches of radial sector in both pairs. Expanse 56 mm. From Langenburg, D. O. Afrika. Macronemurus loranthe n. sp. Head yellow, a large black interantennal mark extending below antennz and much above, and on middle above it is connected to a me- dian dark stripe which extends to the back of head, a brown spot each side on vertex; antennae brown; pronotum much broader than long, yellow, a broad median and a lateral stripe each side dark brown, each continued back on the mesothorax, the lateral ones furcate behind; a median stripe on metanotum, and a furcate mark over base of wings; pleura with a broad interrupted brown streak. Abdomen slender, in male longer than wings, and with appendages nearly as long as last segment, pale brown, a faint pale mark each side near base of segments, sometimes in form of a streak. Legs pale yellow, the tibize with basal and apical dark spot above, tip of tarsus dark, and dark dots on femur, last tarsal joint nearly as long as the others together, the spurs nearly as long as three joints. Wings hyaline, venation pale, marked with brown at connection of all veins, thus making many small dots all over the wing, more prominent along cubitus and on outer gradates, stigma pale, no basal spot; hind wing with these small spots along the hind and apical margins; the subcosta and radius interrupted with brown. Wings tather broad at stigma, acute at tips, hind wings sub-falcate at tip; 5 to 7 crossveins before radial sector in forewing, 12 branches to radial sector in both pairs, in forewings a few of the costals before stigma are forked. Expanse 50 to 57 mm. From Bismarckburg, Togo, and the Togo Hinterland. 26 Annals Entomological Society, of America [Vol. IV, Macronemurus pulchellus n. sp. Face pale, a black dot between antennez, a dark band above antenne, and a spot each side on posterior part of vertex; antenne pale brownish;. pronotum yellowish, unmarked, except a black dot each side on hind margin and a black mark in posterior corners; the outer part of pronotum before the groove is rather darker than the middle; rest of thorax pale yellow, black on sides, and across the anterior lobe, two spots on the metathorax black, scutelli wholly pale; abdomen black, segments broadly pale behind, tip and most of the second segment pale; legs long and slender, hind femora deep-black, tibia lined near the tip below, anterior femora with an outer black line, spurs as long as two tarsal joints, the basal joint very short. the apical nearly as long as all others together. Wings hyaline; forewings heavily maculate with many quite large black marks, and some near the apex of the hindwings; costal area of forewings unmarked, about 24 spots over rest of surface, mostly over a crossvein, and roundish or elongate in shape; the elongate ones mostly near and at right angles to the hind margin; hind-wings with four or five such spots near the apex and toward hind margin; venation mostly pale; stigma not very dark. Wings rather slender, acute at tip; fore- wing with about five crossveins before radial sector, nine branches to. radial sector in each wing; abdomen shorter than wings. Expanse 65 mm. From Erythrea (Kristensen coll.); type in coll. Petersen. Cymothales Gerst. The radial sector of hind wings arises near base, with but one crossvein before it; the wings are rather broad in the stigmal region, and more or less falcate at tip, the hind pair usually strongly falcate; the cubitus in hind wings is scarcely forked, or the fork so weak as not differing from the other veinlets from cubitus to the margin; the anal also weak. The antennz are very slender, and rather wide apart at base; the legs are extremely slender, the basal tarsal joint longer than the apical; spurs as long as two joints; the tibiz longer than the femora; the prothorax is long and slender. Type—C. mirabilis Gerst. The species can be separated by. this table: 1. Middle band of fore-wings plainly divided into two spots................. 2 Middle band of fore-wings undivided, at least one connection............. 4 2. This band only narrowly divided; the apical mark of fore-wings is very broad, and. hardly at all. broken wp by pale: Spotsus se.) se sees liberiensis This band is broadly divided; the apical mark broken up by pale spots.... 3 3. Femur I black, and black-haired; antenne mostly pale; a spot on fore-wings. before the stigma, and one near middle of hind margin of each wing.... speciosus Femur I not black-haired; and only with a few pale dots......... eccentros. 1911] Notes on African Myrmeleonide es Panonax Dlack with marrow Palevlinese. § Sad.ccase ssetels calc eet oO Sa 5 Thorax pale, with a median black stripe over meso and metathorax; the spot on hind margin of hind wings is connected along the margin to the apical SOs ee A ET res © a ag Vee One te eee aoe ey ...delicatus Pmeantenna: pale, except basalijomt and the tip. o/c... fo. .e0000. 50-5. dulcis Ogee Gare fOr One-third Way: OUbsse. aa hon elected ne pe oe nae aoe. 6 RE@OUGMbale SPECIMENS te hoa ce eee aere ea Ge rte eee at oe enna es mirabilis Mie alo as Caine SPECIMEN Seas sy gems Mire teas ic eet cove a ray Mace eee a bouvieri Cymothales liberiensis Weele. From Longji and Victoria, Kamerun; I have one from Sierra Leone. Cymothales mirabilis Gerst. From Bismarckburg, Togo, and Abyssinia (Petersen coll.) Known from several other localities in Africa. Cymothales speciosus Gerst. One from Amani, D. O. Afrika. Cymothales sp. A broken specimen from Kongo, appears to be a new species related to C. delicatus. Cymothales delicatus n. sp. Face pale, a curved brown mark on each side, a band below antenne, above brown and on the front part of the elevated portion, vertex with six brown spots in a transverse row in front, and three larger spots in a row behind, each of the latter are nearly double; antennz with dark mark on basal joint, and a dot each side on the second joint, beyond black for about five or six joints, and then white for three joints, then brown to the tip; pronotum pale with a median stripe brown, and a brown curved line each side in front; rest of thorax dark brown, with a white stripe each side; abdomen pale brown; legs pale, femora mostly brown, especially above, tibize with brown dots. Wings hyaline, vena- tion mostly pale, but the veins in dark spots are dark; forewings with a basal spot, with an outer extension behind; a median spot from radius to the median vein nearly square, and narrowly connected to a brown V-mark behind it; a long brown stigmal mark, extending obliquely inward, not so well defined, to near the median vein; slightly behind it begins an oblique, brown streak which extends to the hind margin and in front points toward the tip of the wing; around the tip are several dark spots, but not very distinct, the whole apical area is slightly fumose; the costal area has several of the crossveins marked with brown. Hind wings with a basal brown spot over origin of the radial sector, one on a crossvein from radius to radial sector, about seven crossveins beyond the basal one, another toward the stigma, and one under stigma, the apical part above radius mostly dark, but a narrow apical pale streak, hind margin toward tip has two well separated brown spots, the outer one is connected by brown along the hind margin to the brown at tip, the 28 Annals Entomological Societ of America [Vol. IV, short veinlets along the hind margin are mostly dark. Wings broad; the forewings hardly falcate at tip; the hind pair but little longer than front wings, falcate at tip, but not as strongly so as in C. mirabilis; about four crossveins before the radial sector in the forewings, about eight branches to radial sector in each wing, the sixth branch is soon forked, otherwise venation much as in other species. Expanse 68 mm. From Kongo, West Africa, in coll. Banks. Echthromyrmex McLach. (Palparidius Peringuey.) Antenne hardly diameter of basal joint apart, not very long; legs rather short, basal joint short, apical as long as others together, the spurs nearly as long as two joints, tibiz shorter than femora; pronotum very short; male appendages extremely long. Wings rather broad; costals simple, one crossvein before radial sector in the hind wing, in forewings the first branch of radial sector arises barely before the cubital fork. In hind wing the cubital bends upward and then downward to the anasto- mosis with the median, the anal. parallels it so that the cubital fork is indistinct. Type—E. platypterus McLach. I have not seen the type species, and the above description is taken from the species described below which I believe is congeneric; at least it agrees with McLachlan’s description, and is remarkable in having, as he said, the ‘‘postcosta simple”’ (= cubitus); in this feature it is related to the South American genus Dimares, and the markings of the wings are also similar to that genus. The genus, Palparidius, recently described by Peringuey is the same, without doubt; it has no very close relation to Palpares. Echthromyrmex fascipennis n. sp. Face yellowish; a transverse brown mark on face, a large brown interantennal mark slightly pointed below on the middle, and extending up in front of the vertex, which is bilobed; four pale brown marks on vertex in a curved row; antenne dark brown; pronotum very short, nearly twice as broad behind as long, much narrowed in front, pale, with a median black stripe, and an oblique lateral one each side, many minute black points at base of bristles; rest of thorax black, a broad pale stripe over middle behind the anterior lobe, and including a median dark stripe; thorax at base of wings pale; abdomen dark, a pale median and a lower lateral stripe, all very narrow toward tip; appendages yel- lowish, blackish near base below; legs yellowish, rather short and heavy, not very hairy, basal tarsal joint barely longer than the second, apical as long as others together, spurs straight, nearly as long as two joints. 1911] Notes on African Myrmeleonide 29 Wings hyaline, with large black marks; forewings with dots along the upper edge of the subcosta along both sides of the cubitus, to the fork, and along the lower branch of the fork; many dots near the posterior and outer margin; two oblique narrow black bands, both begin at the radius, one before the middle and one beyond the middle, this latter is broken near tip, and reaches in a line to the hind margin; an oblique apical streak black, and including several white crossveins, a dark mark before and one beyond the white stigma. Hind wings with some dots along the subcosta, a rather broad oblique dark band before the middle, beginning at the radius and with a curved tip, not reaching across wing; a large dark spot before the stigma, and behind it on the hind margin are two narrow upward streaks, the inner one forked, a short apical dark streak, and some dark dots along the outer margin; venation of both pairs mostly pale, except dark spots on the radial sector and cubitus. Wings rather broad, not very long, not acute at tips; three or four cross- veins before radial sector in forewing, about nine branches to radial sector in each wing, the anal region of both pairs is very broad, in the hind wing the post-anal extends out quite a long distance, and has five branches to the margin. Abdomen shorter than the wings (in the male), the male appendages are extremely long, fully one-half as long as the abdomen, curved downward, and parallel. Expanse 76 mm. From Okahanda, Deutsch Sud-West Afrika, (Berlin Mu- seum). Peringuey has recently described* two species which are closely related to E. fascipennis. He made for them a new genus, Palparidius, but his figure shows it is the same as Echthromyr- mex. His P. capicola has the stigmal mark of the hind wings entire, not broken up into three spots.as in E. fascipennis; his P. concinnus has this stigmal mark broken up, but the median band is very narrow, and not hooked at end; there are several other differences in maculation. The male appendages of #. fascipennis appear to be much longer than in either of Perin- guey’s species. EXPLANATION OF PLATES I AND II. Fig. 1. Myrmeleon alcestris. Fig. 13. Nemoleon pardalice. Fig. 2. Macronemurus ianthe. Fig. 14. Formicaieon ilione. Fig. 3. Myrmeleon furcatus. Fig. 15. Myrmeleon medialis. Fig. 4. Gymnoleon exilis. Fig. 16. Nesoleon boschimanus. Fig. 5. Myrmeleon doralice. Fig. 17. Nesoleon punctatissimus. Fig. 6. Nemoleon alcidice. Fig. 18. Creagris pretiosa. Fig. 7. Myrmeleon obscurus. Fig. 19. Macronemurus melanthe. Fig. 8. Formicaleon harpalyce. Fig. 20. Nemoleon quadrimaculatus. Fig. 9. Macronemurus euanthe. Fig. 21. Echthromyrmex fascipennis. Fig. 10. Macronemurus chloranthe. Fig. 22. Echthromyrmex fascipennis. Fig. 11. Formicaleon ideonus. Fig. 23. Macronemurus loranthe. Fig. 12. Macronemurus loranthe. * Annals South African Museum, V, p. 43, 1910. VoL. IV, PLATE I. ANNALS EF. Nathan Banks. VoL: ITV; PLATE If: ANNALS E. S. A. WARS, Nathan Banks. THE LITHOBIOMORPHA OF THE SOUTHEASTERN STATES. By RareH V. CHAMBERLIN, Provo. Utah. In this paper is summarized our present knowledge of the genera and species of the Lithobiomorpha occurring in the extensive region lying south from Kentucky and the Virginias and east of the Mississippi river. The great majority of the records given are based upon collections made by the author himself in the summer of 1910, during which season all of the states in the territory indicated, excepting Florida, were visited. The southern portion of Georgia and the coastal region of this state and of the Carolinas were not covered. Some species additional to those here listed are likely to be found in these sections. The season was favorable for mem- bers of this group; and ‘it is felt that the great majority of the more widespread forms were secured. In this connection it may be noted that in the case of most of the species specimens were taken in a considerable number of localities and that all the species previously recorded were again found excepting two from southern Georgia and Florida, where, as before mentioned, collections were not made. Of especial interest are the genera Buethobius and Wato- bius, here erected for the first time, and Zygethobius, previously established by the author for a species occurring in the high mountain ranges of the western Unites States. The finding of a second species of Zygethobius in the mountainous section of this southeastern region fulfills what had been anticipated as likely. The three genera named are annectant and must alter to a considerable degree some prevalent conceptions. as to affinities within the suborder. The genera recognized in the present paper may be separated as follows: KEY TO GENERA. a. Legs bearing bristles only, no articular spines present excepting sometimes one - at distal end of tibia of all but last pairs of legs but this usually re- placed by an acutely pointed process. b. First leg-bearing segment with a pair of spiracles. c. A single pair of ocelli; tarsi of first thirteen pairs of legs undivided,. those of the last two pairs biarticulate....Lamyctes Meinert. ‘ bb. First leg-bearing segment without spiracles. ce. Tarsi of first thirteen pairs of legs undivided, those of the last. two pairs biarticulate; ocelliimone see ee ase eee Buethobius gen. nov. 32 1911] Lithobiomor pha of Southeastern States 33 ec. Tarsi of all legs biarticulate; ocelli present. d. A single pair of ocelli present; an acutely pointed process at distal end of tibia; reproduction seemingly partheno- genetic, no males occurring... .Zygethobius Chamberlin. dd. A number of pairs of ocelli present, forming a patch on each side of the head; a spine at distal end of tibia; MALE SOC CUT GIL Saari t.ho acc aie ne ie Watobius gen.nov. aa. Legs provided with articular spines as well as with bristles; no acute process at distal end of tibia on cephalic side. pea Cosa poresinm ae Sincle ISenies® 28 tee.cn. scene eee Lithobius Leach. bb. Coxal pores scattered or in several series........ Bothropolys Wood. Genus Lamyctes Meinert. 1. Lamyctes tivius sp. nov. Slender, widest at tenth dorsal plate, very gradually attenuated cephalad, more abruptly caudad. Dorsum yellow to light brown, the head; prehensorial feet and ulti- mate segments darker; antennae and legs yellow. Antennae of moderate length, composed of twenty-eight to thirty- one articles; first two articles long, the third and fourth very short, the fifth and sixth longer, the seventh and eighth again very short, the ninth longer, the tenth and eleventh in turn shorter, the twelfth and subse- quent articles comparable to the ninth, or the thirteenth and fourteenth in some reduced; this alternation of pairs of shorter articles with longer ones in proximal portion of antennae apparently constant in this species. A single pair of large ocelli. Prosternal teeth 2+2, small, or 3+3, the outer one on each side smallest. Angles of none of the dorsal plates produced. Coxal pores small, round, 2, 3, 3, 3. Anal legs long and slender, the joints of tarsus especially so; pre- femur long, clearly more slender proximally than that of the penult pair, clavately enlarged distad; tibia of nearly uniform diameter throughout length, the first tarsal ‘joint of similar shape and length but more slender. (See Pl. 3, fig. 2 cf. also figs. 1 and 3). Claw of gonopods entire. Basal spines 2+2, rather stout, the inner considerably smaller. Length 6-7.5 mm. Localities—Byram and Holly Springs, Miss.; New Orleans, mae ackson, Ala.; Atlanta, Ga.; Hot Springs, N. C. 2. Lamyctes tivius var. pius, var. nov. Agreeing in general with the species as above described but conspicuously longer and more robust, the length of spec- imens examined lying between 9 and 9.5 mm. Color uniformly darker. Locality.—Hot Springs, N. C. ; 34 Annals Entomological Society of America [Vol. IV, Genus Buethobius gen. nov. First leg-bearing segment without spiracles. Ocelli none. Tarsi of the first thirteen pairs of legs undivided, those of the fourteenth and fifteenth pairs biarticulate. Legs without true spines. Tibiae of the first thirteen pairs of legs with an acutely pointed process at distal end on cephalic side like that of Lamyctes and Zygethobius. (See Pl. 4, fig. 1). Apparently only females found and the reproduction parthenogenetic. Type.—Buethobius oabitus sp. nov. 3. Buethobius oabitus sp. nov. General color yellow or light yellowish brown; the head and pre- hensorial feet and in some the ultimate segments clear orange; antennae and legs clear yellow. Rather slender, for most of length parallel sided. Narrowed over a few segments behind head and more abruptly at caudal end. Antennae long, reaching the ninth body segment; composed of thirty-six articles of which those beyond the second are rather short, uniform. Prosternal margin wide; teeth 3+3, very small. Ocelli none. Angles of none of the dorsal plates produced. Coxal pores round, moderate in size; 3, 3, 3, 3—4, 4, 4, 4. Legs of the first thirteen pairs each ending in three claws; those of the fourteenth and fifteenth pairs with the claws single. Anal legs long and slender. Claws of gonopods undivided; basal spines 2+2. Length 10-12 mm.; width at the tenth plate 1.3-1.4 mm. Locality Byram and Canton, Miss. Genus Zygethobius Chamberlin. Sub-genus Zantethobius subgen. nov. Angles of the sixth, seventh, ninth, eleventh and thirteenth dorsal plates produced. Type.—Zygethobius pontis, sp. nov. The previously described species, Z. dolichopus Chamb., the type of the genus, may be placed in a subgenus Zygethobius SHS. Sit. 4. Zygethobius pontis sp. nov. Moderately robust; strongly narrowed caudad and cephalad of the tenth dorsal plate, the first leg-bearing segment especially narrow. Dorsum in color somewhat chestnut, with a narrow median longitu- dinal stripe blackish, the first segment darker than the others; head deep to blackish brown; prehensorial feet and antennae reddish, the 1911] Lithobiomorpha of Southeastern States oN Or latter becoming paler, yellowish, distad; venter yellowish to light brown, the caudal plates reddish; legs brown, paler proximally than dis- tally; last pairs of legs darker, blackish proximally, pale distad. Antennae very long; composed of forty-three articles which are short. The ocelli of the single pair very large. Prosternal teeth 3-(3. Angles of the sixth, seventh, ninth, eleventh and thirteenth dorsal plates produced. Coxal pores 3, 4, 4, 4. The process at distal end of anterior pairs of legs apically acutely spinescent. (See Pl. 4, fig. 2). Anal legs long and slender. Claw of gonopods entire; basal spines 2+2. Length ad 10.5 mm.; width of tenth plate 1.6 mm. Localities —Johnson City, Tenn.; Natural Bridge, Va. Genus Watobius gen. nov. First leg-bearing segment without spiracles. A number of pairs of ocelli present, these forming a patch on each side of the head as in Lithobius, a caudal one in the place of the so-called single ocellus in the latter genus and the others toward the base of the antenna. Tarsi of all legs biarticulate. Legs without true spines excepting one at distal end of tibia of anterior legs in place occupied by the process in the preceding genera. Fifth joint in penult legs of male greatly enlarged, the anal (in type) not modified. Both sexes occurring. Type.—Watobius anderisus sp. nov. 5. Watobius anderisus sp. nov. Slender, attenuated from the tenth dorsal plate cephalad, more abruptly caudad. Brown, the ultimate segments often darker; head and prehensorial feet conspicuously darker, deep brown or brownish black; antennae brown, pale distad; legs hght brown, the posterior pairs having a pur- plish tinge, the anal and penult pairs abruptly pale distad of the femur, the tibiae in the penult legs especially pale. Angles of the ninth, eleventh and thirteenth dorsal plates produced. Antennae short; in most composed of twenty-two articles, in some of but twenty; articles decreasing in length gradually and uniformly from the first to the penult. Ocelli on each side composed of one large posterior one, in place of - the single one in Zygethobius, etc., and of eight smaller ones in a patch arranged in three series; thus, 1+3, 3, 2. Prosternal teeth 2+2. Angles of the ninth, eleventh and thirteenth dorsal plates produced. 30 Annals Entomological Society of America Vol rive Coxal pores small, 2, 2, 2, 2. All legs with three claws excepting those of the ultimate pair which seem to have the exterior accessory claw but to lack the inner one. Anal legs of male moderately and uniformly crassate; the penult legs with the fifth joint strongly enlarged and somewhat flattened dorso- ventrally, complanate above or weakly depressed, complanate and weak- ly furrowed beneath. (See Pl. 3, figs. 4 and 5). Claw of female gonopods tripartite; basal spines 2+2. Length 7.5-9.5 mm. Localities.—Thomasville and Anniston, Ala.; Tallulah Falls and Bremen, Ga. Genus Lithobius Leach. Several of the species listed under this genus below conform. to Monotarsobius as defined by Verhoeff in having the anterior tarsi (those of the first thirteen pairs of legs) undivided whereas those of species belonging to Lithobius proper have the tarsi all biarticulate. However, this character seems variable to such an extent that it is difficult to place some species upon this basis; hence, it seems best not to maintain it until some correlated characters, if such exist, shall be worked out. Those species which have the anterior tarsi clearly undivided are specially indicated below. 6. Lithobius coecus Bollman. 1888. Lithobius coecus, Bollman, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., p. 111. Locality.—Saluda, N. C. The only other known locality for this species is that at which the types were collected, Beaver Creek, Tenn: 7. Lithobius tuobukus sp. nov. Light brown to yellow, the posterior segments often darker; head concolorous with body or often a darker, reddish brown; antennae light brown proximally, paler distad; legs light brown, the posterior pairs yellow, especially bright distad. Antennae short or moderate; articles 25-29, all except the first few moderate or short in length. Prosternal teeth mostly 5+5 or 6+6, small, even. Ocelli compactly arranged in an oblong patch in three series; thus 14+-4. 5. 4 a total of 14. None of the dorsal plates with the posterior angles produced. Coxal pores rather small, round, 3, 4, 4, 3. Last two pairs of coxae armed laterally, the last four pairs dorsally. Spines of the first legs 2, 2, 1; of penult 1, 3, 3, 2, the claw single; of the anal 1, 3, 3, 2, the claw also single. 1911] Lithobiomorpha of Southeastern States 37 In the male the anal legs are moderately crassate, especially the third and fourth joints; the fourth joint is flattened or somewhat excavated dorso-mesally and is often produced at distal end into a lobe extending mesad and bearing at its apex a spine directed caudad, but in many this lobe is absent. (See Pl. 3, fig. 7). Claw of the gonopods in female entire; spines 2+2. Length 9.5-12 mm. Localities —Brown’s Summit, N. C.; Natural Bridge, Cha- tham, and Lynchburg, Va.; White Suplhur, W. Va.; Hot Springs, Linville Falls, Asheville, N. C.; Greenville, S. C.; Russellville, Johnson City and Unaka Springs, Tenn.; Lexington, Ky. Very close to species 12 but the penult legs with only one claw instead of with three. Mr. Bollman mentions no modi- fication in the anal legs of the male of L. proridens nor does the specimen listed below under this species present such. The only course open at present, therefore, seems to be to sep- arate the present species from proridens and possibly to assume, judging from localities given for proridens, that Bollman has included the two species under one name. 8. Lithobius watovius sp. nov. General color yellow; head, prehensorial feet and posterior segments darker, orange; antennae and legs yellow. Antennae short, composed of twenty articles which, excepting the first two and the ultimate, are moderately short. Prosternal teeth 2+2 or 3+3, the outer tooth on each side weak or obsolete. Ocelli about four, arranged in one or two series; thus 1+2, 1. Angles of none of the dorsal plates produced. Tarsi of the first thirteen pairs of legs undivided, those of the last two pairs biarticulate as usual (Monotarsobius). Coxzal-pores.1 (2), 2, 2, 2. Ultimate pair of coxae laterally armed, the last three pairs dorsally armed. Spines of the first legs 0, 2, 1-1, 2, 1, (2); of penult 1, 3, 3, 0, without supplementary claw; of anal 1, 3, 1, 0, also without supplementary claw. Anal and penult legs in the male uniformly crassate. Length 6.7 mm. (larger specimen). Locality.—Byram, Miss. Two males were taken. 9. Lithobius paitius sp. nov. Dorsum pale brown; head and posterior segments darker, dark orange; legs greyish, except the caudal pairs which are bright yellow, with the brush of hairs on anal legs of male red proximally and yellow distad; antennae grey to dull yellow; venter pale grey to greyish yellow. SS ) 38 Annals Entomological Society of America [Vol. IV, Antennae short, consisting mostly of twenty-four articles which are short excepting the first two and the ultimate. Ocelli small, in a small patch; in number about seven, arranged thus, 1+3, 3. Prosternal teeth 2--2. Angles of none of the dorsal plates produced. Coxal pores 2, 4, 4, 3, small. Last pair of coxae laterally armed, last two pairs dorsally armed. Tarsi of the first thirteen pairs of legs undivided (Monotatsobius). Spines of the first legs 0, 1, 1; of the penult 1, 3, 2, 1, without supple- mentary claw; of anal 1, 3, 2, 0, also without supplementary claw. ~ In the anal legs of the male the fourth joint is strongly swollen and | provided at proximal end with a lobe on dorso-mesal surface from the posterior surface of which springs a dense brush of very long hairs which projects beyond the caudal end of the joint. (See Pl. 3, fig. 6). In the female the claw of the gonopods is bluntly tripartite, the lateral lobes being not much lower than the middle one; basal spines as usual, 2+-2. Length 6.5-7 mm. Locality.—Catawba, N. C.; Unaka Springs, Tenn. 10. Lithobius watsuitus sp. nov. Dorsum light brown; head much darker, reddish brown or chestnut; prosternum colored like head, but its feet pale distad; antennae dark brown, paler distad; venter with the anterior plates commonly with purplish tinge; most legs light yellowish brown, but the caudal pairs darker, brown, excepting tarsi which are light. Antennae short; composed of thirty to thirty-two articles which, beyond the third are short and compactly united. Ocelli about eight, arranged in two series; thus 1+4, 3. Prosternal teeth, 2+2. Angles of none of the dorsal plates produced. Coxal pores small and round, 2, 3,3;/5—3, 5; 3,0. Ultimate coxae laterally as well as dorsally armed. Spines of the first legs 1, 2, 1; of penult 1, 3, 3, 1, one supplementary claw present; of anal 1, 3, 2, 0, the claw single. Anal and penult legs in the male crassate, especially so the fourth joint which is somewhat flattened dorso-ventrally and is longitudinally weakly furrowed. i Length 7.5-9 mm. Localities.—Atlanta, Ga.; Natural Bridge, Va. The speci- men from Virginia differs in having the spines of the anal legs 13) 3,2, L,: instead ob ome me 1911] Lithobiomorpha of Southeastern States 39 1l. Lithobius bilabiatus Wood. 1867. Lithobius bilabiatus, Wood, Proc. Phil. Acad. Sci., p. 130. 1887. Lithobius tuber, Bollman, Proc. U.S. N. M., p. 256. Localities—Canton and Byram, Miss. This species is found in the states along the Mississippi river from the Gulf to Wisconsin and Minnesota. It seems to be most abundant in Illinois and Iowa. 12. Lithobius proridens Bollman. 1887. Lithobius proridens, Bollman, American Naturalist, p. 81. 1887. Lithobius proridens, Bollman, Proc. U.S. N. M., p. 258. Locality.—Watervalley, Miss. One male agreeing fully with the original description. Previously reported from Indi- ana (type locality), Washington, D. C.; Arkansas, and Ten- nessee (Knoxville, Mossy Creek). 13. Lithobius branneri Bollman. 1888. Lithobius branneri, Bollman, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., p. 107. 1888. Lithobius branneri, Bollman, Proc. U. S. N. M., p. 111, 112, 342. Localities Brookhaven, Miss. (var. a); Maplesville, Ala.; Peaaittay Go. x var. .b): Catawba and Brown's Summit, IN--C:- Asheville, N. C. (var. c); Russellville and Unaka Springs, Tenn. (author). Also Knoxville, Beaver Creek, and Mossy Greek, Tenn. (J. C. and C. B. Branner, seq. Bollman). several closely related varieties are represented in the material here referred to this species. The incompleteness of the original description must make it doubtful which variety is typical until the types are .re-studied. The species has the anterior tarsi undivided (Monotarsobius). 14. Lithobius lundii Meinert. 1886. Lithobius lundii, Meinert, Myr. Mus. Haun., III p. 111. 1887. Lithobius lundii, Bollman, Proc. U.S. N. M., p. 111. Moeauties. Lula and Tallulah Palls, Ga.;-Taylor’s,.S.: C:; Asheville and Hot Springs, N. C.; Johnson City and Unaka Springs (and also Beaver and Mossy Creeks, seq. Bollman), Tenn.; Natural Bridge, Va. This species, originally described from New York State, ranges into the southern states along the uplands. ) 40 Annals Entomological Society of America [Vol. IV, 15. Lithobius exiguus Meinert, var. 1886. Lithobius exiguus, Meinert, Myr. Mus. Haun, III, p. 110 (11). 1911. Lithobius exiguus, Chamberlin, Canad. Ent. Localities.—Longbeach, Brookhaven, Canton, Jackson, and Holly Springs, Miss.; Selma (var. b), Thomasville, Morgan, and Birmingham, Ala.; Jackson, Tenn.; Lexington, Ky.; Lynch- burg, Va. A widespread species occurring commonly under leaves and sticks and among stones along streams in Wisconsin, Illinois, Iowa, and neighboring states as well as throughout the region covered in the present paper. 16. Lithobius elattus Bollman. 1888. Lithobius elattus, Bollman, Proc. U.S. N. M., XI, p. 348. Localities— Johnson City and Russellville, Tenn.; Chatham, Lynchburg, Natural Bridge, and Balcony Falls, Va. (also Marksville, Va., and Washington, D. C., seq. Bollman); White Sulphur, W. Va. The specimens listed here differ somewhat from those described by Bollman in one or two: particulars but probably represent the same species. 17. Lithobius aureus McNeil. 1887. Lithobius aureus, McNeil, Proc. U. S. N. M., p. 327. Locality.—Pensacola, Fla. (seq. McNeil). The two speci- mens upon which this species was based lack the anal legs. As a result it is difficult to identify the species from the pub- lished description. 18. Lithobius pinguis Bollman. 1888. Lithobius pinguis, Bollman, Entom. Americana, IV, p. 7. Localities.—Hudsonville, Miss.; (Little Rock, Ark., the type locality, seq. Bollman). Because of the incompleteness of the original description and the fewness of the specimens upon which based the refer- ence of the specimens in hand to this species is provisional. . It is possible that the following species may have to be merged with the present one; but in view of the important differences between the specimens of L. euthus and Mr. Bollman’s des- cription, this union at present seems impossible. 19. Lithobius euthus Chamberlin. 1904. Lithobius euthus, Chamberlin, Proc. Acad. Sci. Phil., p. 652. Localities—Byram, Canton, and Gulfport, Miss. 1911] Lithobiomorpha of Southeastern States Ai 20. Lithobius cantabrigensis Meinert. 1885. Lithobius cantabrigensis, Meinert, Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc., XO pe Litt 1888. Lithobius cantabrigensis, Bollman, Proc., U. S. N. M., XI, p. 342. Becalines Greenville, mo. ©.;) Saluda, N. ‘C.;. Balcony Falls, Va.; Russellville, Tenn. ; (aes Beaver and Mioesy Creeks, Tenn., seq. Bollman). imeeeriged originally from Mass., the only other recorded locality. The species seems to have a strong tendency rere the formation of local varieties. 21. Lithobius cantabrigensis var. suitus, var. nov. Dorsum brown; the head and posterior segments darker, reddish; antennae pale distally; legs pale brown, the posterior pairs darker but with their distal joints distinctly lighter. Antennae moderate, composed of from twenty-nine to thirty-two articles. Ocelli about eight or nine arranged in two or three series; thus, ip 4, or 1-3, 3; 1. Prosternal teeth 2+2. Angles of the eleventh and thirteenth dorsal plates produced or these in some nearly straight. Coxal pores round, 3, 4, 4, 3. Posterior coxae unarmed. Spines of the first legs 0, 0, 1-0, 1, 1; of the penult 1, 3, 2, 1-1, 3, 3, 1, with two claws; of the anal, 1, 372, 0, with two claws. Gonopods in the female with the claw tripartite or almost bipartite in some through reduction of one lateral lobe. Length 7-9 mm. Localities.— Hot Springs, N. C.; Birmingham, Ala. The anterior tarsi in part seem consolidated or undivided, but the form scarcely would conform to Monotarsobius. 22. Lithobius cantabrigensis var. zinus var. nov. Color brown; head and posterior segments darker, not reddish; antennae dark, paler distally. Antennae composed mostly of from twenty-eight to thirty-one articles, more rarely thirty five or even thirty-seven. Ocelli eleven to sixteen, arranged in three or four series; thus, £4, 4, 4, 3-1--3,; 4, 3. Ultimate coxae laterally armed. Spines of the first legs 1, 1, 1-1, 2, 1; of penult legs, 1, 3, 3, 1-1, 3, 3, 2, with two claws; of the anal legs i 2 2, 0-1, 3, 2, 1, likewise with two claws. } 42 Annals Entomological Society of America [Vol. IV, In the male the anal and penult legs moderately crassate, the fourth joint in the anal ones larger and somewhat complanate dorsally. Length 8-10 mm. Localities —Talapoosa and Bremen, Ga.; Anniston, Ala. (variant); Brown’s Summit, N. C.; Chatham, Natural Bridge, and Lynchburg, Va. 24. Lithobius atkinsoni Bollman. 1887. Lithobius atkinsoni, Bollman, Proc. U. S. N. M., X, p. 626. 1888. Lithobius atkinsoni, Bollman, Proc. U.S. N. M., XI, p. 349. Bremen, Atlanta, Lula, and Tallulah Falls, (also Macon, seq. Bollman), Ga.; Taylor's, Greenville and -Seaecea, jae Saluda and Hot Springs (also Balsam seq. Bollman), N. C. The localities here indicated are all those thus far recorded for this species. 24. Lithobius naiwatus sp. nov. Brown; the head and posterior segments darker; antennae pale dis- tad; legs yellowish to whitish brown; the anal and sometimes also the penult legs dark purplish brown or purplish black, with the distal joints pale. Antennae of moderate length or short; composed of thirty-two to- thirty-five articles of which most of the first ten are of medium length and those more distad short. Ocelli about thirteen, compactly arranged in three straight series; thusi.d--ps 4,3: : Prosternal teeth 2-F2. Posterior angles of the ninth, eleventh and thirteenth dorsal plates. produced. Coxal pores small, round, 4, 5, 5, 4. Last two pairs of coxae armed laterally, last three pairs armed dorsally. spines of first legs, 1, 2, 1-2, 2, 1; of the penult legs 1, 3, 2, 1-1, 3, 2, 0, with two claws; of the anal legs 1, 3, 3, 2, with a single claw. Anal and penult legs in male moderately crassate, without special lobes or processes. Claw of the gonopods in the female tripartite; basal spines 2+2, conical, the inner smaller. Length 11-13 mm. Localities —Saluda, Catawba, and Linnville Falls, N. C.; Landrum, S. C.; Tallulah Falls, Ga.; Unaka Springs, Tenn.; Mexington, Ky. (var) 25. Lithobius forficatus (Linneus). 1758. Scolopendra forficata, Linneaus, Syst. Nat., I, p. 638. 1815. Lithobius forficatus, Leach, Tr. Linn. Soc., XI. 1821. nec. Lithobius spinipes Say, Journ. Acad. Sci. Phil., IT, p. 108. 1845. Lithobius americanus, Newport, Tr. Linn. Soc., XIX, p. 365. 1911] Lithobiomorpha of Southeastern States 43. - Localities—Greenville, S. C.; Asheville and Hot Springs, N. C.; Lynchburg and Balcony Falls, Va.; White Sulphur, W. Va.; Fulton and Lexington, Ky. The range of this species, so abundant in the north, is carried southward into our present territory by the mountain ranges. It has not previously been reported from the Caro- linas or other points so far south in this district. 26. Lithobius celer Bollman. 1888. Lithobius celer, Bollman, Entom. Amer., IV, p. 7. 1909. nec. Lithobius celer, Chamberlin, Ann. Ent. Soc. America, p. 190. Locality.—Fulton, Ky. 27. Lithobius oedipes Bollman. 1888. Lithobius oedipes, Bollman, Entom. Amer., IV, p. 8. Locality.— Mississippi. 28. Lithobius manegitus sp. nov. Dorsum dark brown; head darker, nearly mahogany, the antennae similar proximally but becoming paler or rufous distad legs brown above, mostly paler ventrally, and the posterior pairs mostly pale distad. Antennae moderate; composed of twenty articles which decrease in length from the second distad to the penultimate. Ocelli in a patch situated apparently closer than usual to the base of antenna; in number about nine, arranged in three series; thus 1+3, 35.2: Prosternal teeth 2+2; a characteristic stout spine uniformly present on each side ectad of the outer tooth. Angles of the ninth, eleventh and thirteenth dorsal plates produced. Coxal pores round, in number 5, 5, 5, 4. Last two pairs of coxae armed laterally; only the ultimate coxae armed dorsally. spines of the first legs 1, 2, 1-2, 2, 1; of the penult 1, 3, 3, 2, with two claws; of the anal 1, 3, 3, 1, provided also with two claws. In the male the anal legs are crassate and the tibia or fifth joint is conspicuously furrowed lengthwise dorsally toward the exterior side, the furrow being fringed on each side by a dense growth of hair, the hair longest at posterior end (See Pl. 4, fig. 7). The penult legs more crassate than the anal, the fourth and fifth joints most enlarged; the fifth joint or tibia furrowed from end to end along the meso-ventral surface and excavated on this surface at the distal end where there is a process bearing a conspicuous brush of hairs which projects mesad (See Pl. 4, figs. 4, 5 and 6.) The gonopods of female with the claw entire; basal spines 2+2, conical, the inner the smaller. Length 15-17 mm. ) 44 Annals Entomological Society of America [Vol. IV, Localities—Hot Springs, Catawba, Saluda and Linville Falls, N. C.; Johnson City, Unaka Springs and Altapass, Tenn. Very close to L. oedipes Boll., but differing markedly in characters of the anal and penult legs of the male. 29. Lithobius tabius sp. nov. Brown; head and commonly also the first dorsal plate darker, chestnut; antennae dark, pale distad; legs a much paler brown, the pos- terior pairs darker with the distal joints pale. Antennae short; composed of about thirty-three articles. Ocelli sixteen, arranged in four series; thus, 1+4, 4, 4, 3. Prosternal teeth 2+2. Angles of the ninth, eleventh and thirteenth dorsal plates produced, those of the sixth and seventh excised or obliquely truncate. Coxal pores round, 4, 4, 4, 3. Last two pairs of coxae laterally armed, last four pairs armed dor- sally. Spines of first legs 1, 2, 1; of the penult 1, 3, 2, 1, with two claws; of the anal 1, 3, 3, 2, with two claws. Claws of the gonopods in female tripartite. Length 10.5 mm.; width at tenth dorsal plate 1.5 mm. Locality.—Johnson City, Tenn. In many points very similar to arienus, carolinae, etc., but the angles of the sixth and seventh dorsal plates not at all produced. 30. Lithobius simitus sp. nov. Brown; the head and posterior plates reddish, the former paler cephalad ‘of the frontal suture; antennae dark brown, pale distally; legs whitish. brown, the tarsi clear yellow, the posterior pairs darker, the anal pair yellow distad of the femur; venter light brown, darker caudad, the anterior plates with purplish tinge. Antennae short, composed of twenty-seven to thirty-two short articles. Ocelli arranged in two series, about eight in number; thus, 1+4, 3. . Prosternal teeth 2+2. Angles of the ninth, eleventh and thirteenth dorsal plates produced. Coxal pores small, 2, 3, 3, 3. Last two pairs of coxae armed laterally, last three pairs armed dorsally. Tarsi of the first thirteen pairs of legs imperfectly divided in part but suture mostly plainly evident. Spines of the first legs 0, 0, 0-0, 0, 1; of the penult 1, 3, 2, 0, with two claws; of the anal 1, 3, 2, 0, a supplementary claw likewise present. Claw of the female gonopods bipartite; basal spines 2+2, conical. Length 7—7.5 mm. Locality.—Grenada, Miss. Two female specimens. 1911} Lithobiomor pha of Southeastern States 45 31. Lithobius transmarinus Koch. 1862. Lithobius transmarinus, Koch, Die Myriopodeongattung Litho- bius. p. 31. ——. Lithobius mordax, Koch, ibid. p. 34. 1872. Lithobius mordax, Meinert, Myr. Mus. Haun., II p. er 1875. Lithobius transmarinus,. Stuxberg, Ofvers. af K. Vet. Akad. Forh. no. 3, pp. 26 and 32. ——. Lithobius mordax, Stuxberg, ibid., pp. 27 and fe 1887. Lithobius mordax, Bollman, Proc. U. S. N. M.,; p. 268, etc. . Lithobius transmarinus. Bollman, ibid., p. 626, ae 1893. Lithobius spinipes, Bollman, (of Say??), Bull. U. S. N. M., 46, p. 146. 1896. Lithobius mordax var. Louisianae, Brélemann, Ann. Soc. Ent. de France, p. 48. ——. Lithobius transmarinus var. permatus, Brélemann, ibid., p. 48. Lene —Brookhaven, Fernwood, Holly Springs, Byram, Canton, Biloxi, Ocean Springs,.and Longbeach, Miss.; New Orleans, La.; Jackson, Mobile, and Salem, Ala. Apparently Koch based his description of transmarinus upon a female while his description of mordax 1s clearly that of the male. The differences pointed out between the anal legs of these two forms are essentially secondary sexual characters as found in male and female of the present species, although the longitudinal furrows on the mesal surface of the sixth and seventh joints in the female vary in development and may be deeply impressed in some, in others evident upon one or the other of the joints alone, or may be quite absent as seems to be more commonly the case in the males. Similarly Brolemann (Ann. Ent. Soc. Fr., 1896, pp. 48-49) in arguing for the dis- tinctness of transmarinus and mordax relies almost wholly upon secondary characters and does not inform us as to whether he is speaking of male or female. He says: ‘Pour ce qui est des deux espéces de Koch, il me semble qu’il ne peut y avoir de confusion, puisque le 4e article des pattes anales des mordax est trés court, trés renflé, parcouru en dessus par un profond et large sillon, ce qui n’est nullement le cas chez le transmarinus.”’ But this is true only of males while the females conform to Brélemann’s transmarinus, which must accordingly be regarded as the same species. 32. Lithobius xenopus Bollman. 1888. Lithobius xenopus, Bollman, Proc. U.S. N. M., XI, p. 350. Locality.— Tallulah, Ga. (L. M. Underwood). 33. Lithobius vorax Meinert. 1872. Lithobius vorax, Meinert, Myr. Mus. Haun., II, p. 292. 1875. Lithobius vorax, Stuxberg, Ofvers. af k. Vet. Akad. Forh. no. 3, p. 26 and 32. 1885. Lithobius latzeli, Meinert, Proc. Am. Phil. Soc., XXI, p. 175. 1887. Lithobius clarus McNeil, Proc. U. S. N. M., X, p. 326. ——. Lithobius tyrannus, Bollman, ibid., p. 636. | AG Annals Entomological Society of America [Vol. IV, Localities—Byram, Fernwood, Watervalley, Canton, Holly Springs, Grenada, Jackson, Biloxi (type locality), Longbeach and Ocean Springs, Miss.; Pensacola, Fla. (clarus McNeil); Jackson and Birmingham, Ala.; Brown’s Summit, N. C.; Crandall, Marksville and Luray, Va. (latzeli, seq. Meinert and Bollman. ) There is marked variation in this species in the development of the claws of the penult legs. There is a distinct anterior or third claw in the specimens from some localities (such as Holly Springs, Fernwood, Longbeach, Miss., and Jackson, Ala., etc.) which seems to be especially well developed in younger or smaller specimens (cf. clarus McNeil) but which is readily broken off and tends in older specimens to become relatively reduced, obsolete or absent. Because of this it would seem justifiable to regard clarus as having been based upon small specimens of this species since no other difference appears in the description given. Specimens from North Carolina and Virginia seem to show a tendency for the coxal pores to be round or oval rather than strongly transverse more frequently than in specimens from the Gulf region; but there are no con- stant differences in this respect and both extremes with inter- mediates are to be found in the more southern localities. Hence, no grounds in this direction appear why L. latzeli should be kept apart from vorax. The longitudinal sulcus which Meinert mentions as occurring on the ventral surface of the third and fourth joints of the anal legs in latzeli is present in all specimens of vorax. The sulcation on the mesal surface of the tarsal joints of anal and penult legs mentioned by Bollman as dis- tinctive of his tyrannus is present in most specimens of vorax. The articles of the antennae vary greatly in number with the size of the individual, from twenty-six or twenty-seven in young specimens fourteen or fifteen millimeters in length to above forty in the largest adults. The average number in medium size adults would seem to be about thirty-five or thirty-six. 34. Lithobius underwoodi Bollman. 1888. Lithobius underwoodi, Bollman, Proc. U.S. N. M., XI, p. 350. Localities.—Maplesville, Selma, Morgan, Thomasville, Jack- son, and Anniston, Ala.; Atlanta, Tallulah Falls, (and Macon, type locality, seq. Bollman), Ga.; Landrum and Seneca, 8. C. Especially abundant in Alabama where it seems to be the most common of the larger species. 1911] Lithobiomorpha of Southeastern States AT 35. Lithobius rex Bollman. 1888. Lithobius rex, Bollman, Procl U. S. N. M., XI, p. 350. . M. Underwood). 36. Lithobius carolinae sp. nov. Medium or slender. Dorsum brown to brownish yellow; head much darker, chestnut; prosternum dark brown; antennae bark brown, pale or rufous distally; legs light brown or yellow, the posterior pairs darker but light distally; venter pale. Antennae short; composed of thirty to thirty-five articles. Ocelli about ten or twelve, arranged in three series; thus, eee, 3, 3. Prosternal teeth 2-=2. Angles of the sixth, seventh, ninth, eleventh and thirteenth dorsal plates produced. Coxal pores 3, 4, 4, 3, round. Last two pairs of coxae laterally armed, last three pairs dorsally armed. Spines of first legs 0, 0, 1; of penult 1, 3, 2, 1, with two claws; of the anal 1, 3, 2, 0, or rarely 1, 3, 2, 1, also with two claws. Claws of gonopods in female tripartite; basal spines 2+2. Length 8—9.5 mm.; width of tenth dorsal plate 1.2-1.5 mm. ees. Asheville and Hot Springs, N. C.; Landrum and Taylor’s (var.), S. C.; Russellville, Tenn. This species would seem to be related to L. juventus of Bollman, but the sixth dorsal plate has the posterior angles more or less produced and the spining of the legs is constantly different. 37. Lithobius arienus sp. nov. Robust. Dorsum brow n; head together with anterior and posterior plates darker, not reddish: antennae brown, darkened distad; legs pale yellow, the posterior pair darker: venter pale, the prosternum and posterior plates slightly darker. Antennae moderately long; composed of thirty-four articles. Ocelli compactly arranged in four longitudinal series; thus 1+4, 4, 3, 3, a total of fifteen; ocelli of the two upper rows larger. Prosternal teeth 2+2. Sixth, seventh, ninth, eleventh and thirteenth dorsal plates with the posterior angles produced. Coxal pores ad 3, 4, 4, 3, round. Last two pairs of coxae laterally armed, the last three pairs dorsally armed. Spines of the first legs 0, 1, 1; of the penult 1, 3, 3, 2, armed with two claws; of the anal 1, 3, 2, 1, also armed with two claws. Length 11.5 mm.; width of tenth plate 2 mm. 48 Annals Entomological Society of America [Vol. IV, Locality.—Hot Springs, N. C. One male. Very close to carolinae but conspicuously larger and more robust and differing in the spining of the legs, in the ocelli, in coloration, etc. Genus Bothropolys Wood. But one species of this genus occurs in the United States east of the Rocky Mountains.—B. multidentatus. 38. Bothropolys multidentatus Newport. 1845. Lithobius multidentatus, Newport, Tr. Linn. Soc, Ie p. 865. 1862. Bothropolys nobilis, Wood, Journ. Acad. Sci. Phil. V, p. 15. 1865. Bothropolys multidentatus, Wood, Tr. Am. Phil. Soc., XIII, p: 152: 1875. Lithobius multidentatus, Stuxberg, Ofvers. af k. Vet. Akad. Forh. 1887. Lithobius multidentatus, Bollman, Proc. U. S. N. M., p. 263. Localities.—Canton, Fernwood, and.Byram, Miss.; Maples- ville and Jackson, Ala.; Catawba, N. C.; Russellville, Tenn.; White Sulphur, W. Va.; Chatham and Balcony Falls, Va. This species is widespread in the southern states though apparently not so common as farther north. In the section from Virginia to New York state, etc., it is abundant as it is also in corresponding latitudes farther west. EXPLANATION OF PLATES. PLATE 3. Fic. 1. Left anal leg of Lamyctes fulvicornis from the exterior. From specimen 9.6 mm. in length taken at Haugen, Wisconsin. Fic. 2. Left anal leg of Lamyctes tivius sp. nov. From a specimen 6.6. mm. in length taken at Jackson, Ala. Same magnification as preceding. Fic. 3. Left anal leg of Lamyctes pinampus. From a specimen 8.6 mm. long taken at Claremont, Cal. Same magnification as the preceding. Fic. 4. Right anal leg of Watobius anderisus. Specimen from Thomasville, Ala. Fic. 5. Right penult legs of Watobius anderisus. Same specimen as preced- ing. Fic. 6. Left anal leg of Lithobius paitius sp. nov., dorsal aspect. Fic. 7. Left anal leg of Lithobius tuobukus sp. nov., dorsal aspect. PLATE 4. Fic. 1. Right leg of the fifth pair of Buethobius oabitus sp. nov., cephalic aspect Fic. 2. Right leg of the fifth pair of Zygethobius pontis sp. nov. Fic. 3. Right leg of the fifth pair of Watobius anderisus sp. nov., cephalic aspect Fic. 4. Left penult leg of Lithobius manegitus sp. nov., ventral aspect. Fic. 5. Left penult leg of Lithobius manegitus sp. nov., dorsal aspect. Fig. 6. Left anal leg of Lithobius manegitus sp. nov., dorsal aspect. - Fic. 7. Prosternum of Lithobius manegitus sp. nov., ventral aspect. VoL. IV, PLate III. R. V. Chamberlin. VoL. IV, PLATE FV. ANNALS E. S. A. Chamberlin. V. R. NOTES ON THE SYNONYMY OF THE GENERA INCLUDED IN THE TRIBE LACHNINI. H. F. WItson, Oregon Agricultural College. In taking up the preliminary work on what I term the sub- family Lachninae it is very hard to ascertain the correct stand- ing of several of the genera in the tribe Lachnini both from a standpoint of literature and classification. Beginning with the original description of the genus Lachnus the author will discuss the later genera as erected and invites further discussion in order that the correct generic names may be used in the future. The genus Lachnus Burmeister. Illiger is credited with the genus, but in reality it belongs to Burmeister and was published in 1835 in his Handbuch der Entomologie, p. 91. Poe(ia) Gatti: Lachnus, Ill. Aphis autor. Eh. Fuhler deutlich sechsgliederig, kurzer als der Leib. Das erste und zweite Glied kurz und dick, das dritte sehr lang, das vierte 2-3 kurzer, das funfte etwas langer als das dritte, das sechste klein, zuges- pitzt bei einigen Arten wie am Ende zusammen geschnurt und scheinbar ein eigenes Glied bildend. Flugel mit starker Randrippe. Hinterleib ohne Honigrohren hochstens mit zwei Hockern an deren Stelle.” Under this genus Burmeister gives seven species as follows: 1. Lachnus lapidarius, (Fab.), which appears to be an unrecognizable species. 2. Lachnus fagi, (Linn.), which is now the type of the genus Phyllaphis Woch.! 3. Lachnus quercus, (Linn.), which is now the type of the genus Stomaphis Walker.’ 4. Lachnus fasciatus, Burmeister, which Del Guercio has recently placed in his Genus Lachniella.® 5. Lachnus Punctatus, Burmeister, which up to the present time has not been definitely recognized (may be viminalis Boyer).* (?) Koch, Die Pflanzenlause Aphiden, 1857, p. 248. Walker, The Zoologist, 1870, Vol. 28, p. 2000. “Redia,’’ 1909, Vol. 5, fase. 2, pp. 173-359. Bover, Ann’s Ent. Soc. France, 1841, p. 184. He eit FL 52 Annals Entomological Society of ‘America [Vol. IV, Then he mentions A phis pini aut. and A phis betulae autor to go in this genus but as no reference is made to any one author neither species can have a valid standing in this genus. As one of the species originally cited under the genus must hold for the type of that genus then must one of the four valid species be that type. Two of the four are unquestionably removed as types of the genera Phyllaphis and Stomaphis, thus leaving only two for the genus Lachnus. Lachnus punctatus if found to be distinct is the only species which has not been definitely recognized and placed in a differ- ent genus by the later writers, and it is the only species left for the type of the genus.’ Unless this species 1s located the genus Lachnus must revert to the group containing L. fasciatus Burm. as a type. A careful study of Lachnus viminalis Boyer, Boyer’s descrip- tion of that species, and Burmeister’s description may (?) show that L. viminalis Boyer is identical with L. punctatus Burm. In that case Lachnus will be definitely established with L. fasciatus as the type. If not then what is the genus and what species can we refer to that genus? On the other hand in 1908 Mordilko® used L. viminalis Boyer to form a new genus 7uberolachnus. Should this species prove to be L. punctatus then L. fasciatus Burm. must be the type of the genus Lachnus Burm., as it is the only species of those cited by Burmeister left in that genus. Since L. fasciatus, according to Del Guercio at aut., is a valid species I hold that this species under the existing conditions must hold as the type. The next genus taken up in this tribe was Ciara Curtis, as follows: The genus Cinara Curtis. type A. pint Linn.? He includes A. roboris Linn. 5. April, 1910. Entomological News. The author gave Lachnus punctatus as the type of the genus Lachnus because it seemed to be the only species which was left for that genus, and at that time I was unaware of the fact that Mordwilko (Annuaire Musie Zoologique de L’Academie Imperiale des Sciences, Vol. 13, 1908, p. 374) had used Lachnus viminalis as the type of his genus Tuberolachnus. It is impossible, however, with the present knowledge of the two above species to more than place Lachnus punctatus as a doubtful synonym of L. vwmuinalis for Lachnus punctatus apparently cannot be clearly determined, and Boyer’s description of L. viminalis is too clear to be put aside. 6. Annuaire Musie Zoologique de L’Academie Imperials des Sciences, vol. 13, 1908, p. 374. 1911] Notes on Synonymy of Lachnini 53 This genus was formed in 1835 by Curtis, section 576, Vol. 12, of his British Entomology. . He places two species in the genus, Aphis pint Linn.?, and Aphis roboris Linn. ‘The first he gives as the type, but as he places a question mark after Linn., the species is not valid, and A. roboris Linn. which. he describes in full is the type of the genus? The generic names erected for that species since that time are synonyms?’ He gives the figures of the adults, some of the parts, and also gives a good description. The synonymy of this genus would then be Cinara Curtis 1835 Pterochlorus Rondani 1848.8 Dryobtus Koch 1855 Loe. cit. Dryaphis Amyot® which Del Guercio Loc. cit. p. 262 has given genus rank never was a genus name until given that rank by Del Guercio. If we were to accept Amyot’s names which were mononomials and in this case means ‘‘Oak Aphid”’ there would never be an end to the changing of names. The late workers on the Hemiptera refuse to look upon the work of Amyot except as a curiosity. The next genus to be formed in. the Lachnus group was Stomaphis Walker loc. cit. with A. quercus Linn. as the type and there is no discussion necessary on this genus name as it is well established. Mordilko loc. cit. in 1908 deemed it necessary to erect two new genera in this group, Schizolachnus Mord. with A. tomentosus DeGeer as the type and Tuberolachnus Mord. with Lachnus viminalis Boyer as the type. In 1909 Del Guercio loc. cit. has placed both of the above species in the genus Lachnus regardless of the fact that neither were in the original genus and he removes to other genera all of the original included species. If it is true that L. viminalis Boyer and L. tomentosus DeGeer are both in the same genus then must Tuberolachnus be the genus name with Schizolachnus as asynonym and L. viminalis Boyer as the type. 7. The question of the validity of this genus rests upon the fact that Curtis did not give roborus as the type and the other species is questioned. The author then concludes that the genus is in question and cannot be placed as a valid genus. 8. Esapodi afidicidi in Nuove Ann. di Sci. Nat. Bologna, 1848. 9. Ann. Soc. Ent. France vol. 5, ser. 2, p. 481, 1847. 54 Annals Entomological Society of America [Vol. IV, In 1909 five new genera were formed in this group, one of which must be a synonym and a second which would accord- ing to the reasoning of this article also be a synonym. The genera are Eulachnus Del Guercio (loc. cit.), the type of which probably should be E. Agilis (Kalt.) Lachniella Del Guercio (loc. cit.), the type of which is not set, and is, I consider, a synonym of Lachnus? Essigella Del Guercio (loc. cit.) with E. californicus (Essig) as the type. ; Davisia Del Guercio (loc. cit.) LZ. longistigma Monell as the type and which is a synonym of the following. genus. (Nov. 13, 1909). Longistigma Wilson 1°, type L. caryae Harris which I have published as synonymous with L. longistigma Monell and L. platinicola Riley. (Nov. 1, 1909.) According to the evidence shown here using Del Guercio’s arrangement to generic characters, the correct synonymy is as follows: 1. Yrama Heyden type T. troglodytes Heyd. 2. Stomaphis Walker type S. Quercus (Linn). 3. Plerochlorus Rondani Syn. Cinara Curtis? Syn. Dryobius Koch. Syn. Dryaphis Kirk type P. roboris -(Linn.) 4. Essigella Del] Guercio type E. californicus (Essig.) Longistigma Wilson Syn. Davisia Del Guercio type L. caryae (Harris). 6. Tuberolachnus Mord. ? Syn. Schizolachnus Mord. type T. viminalis (Boyer). Lachnus Burmeister. Syn. Lachniella Del Guercio Type L. fasciatus Burm. S. Eulachnus Del Guercio type E. Agilis (Kalt). In the December, 1910, issue of the ANNALS the author published a paper on the genera of the subfamily A phidinae and wishes here to note two corrections. The type of the genus Illinoia should read m. liriodendrt Monell. The type of the genus Hyalopterus Koch should read A. prunt Fab. instead of aurantiae Koch. 10: Can. Ent., vol. 41, p. 385, 1907. Or ~ SUMMARY OF FOOD HABITS OF AMERICAN GALL MIDGES. By E. P. Fett, Albany, N. Y. Our understanding of this group will be much clearer if we recall that it is an offshoot from the Mycetophilidae, the species of which subsist largely upon decaying vegetable matter or low forms of vegetable life. The family Itonidae, better known as the Cecidomyiidae, has attained its present large proportions not by reason of strength, great resistant powers or unusual fecundity, but through an amazing adaptability. We find larvae in decaying vegetable matter, in dead wood, on fungus, affecting all parts of a very great variety of the higher plants and presenting thereupon almost every conceivable grade in the development of the gall, living as parasites at the expense of very small insects or even preying upon their near allies. Broadly speaking, taxonomic studies in this family show at least a moderately close relationship between speciali- zation in structure and divergence in the food habits from those of ancestral forms. We have no firsthand knowledge of the food habits of the tribe Lestremiinariae, though there is every reason to believe that there is substantial agreement in this regard with Euro- pean species, which have been reared from decaying vegetable matter. We can supply a little definite information respecting the food habits of the tribe Campylomyzariae, since representatives of several genera have been reared. Mycophila fungicola, an undescribed species, referable to a new genus was reared from fungus, while Monardia lignivora Felt was obtained in consid- erable numbers from the fungous-affected heartwood of white pine. Cordylomyia coprophila is an undescribed species refer- able to a genus which will be erected shortly. It was reared from manure. These few records show that this compara- tively generalized tribe subsists upon fungi, fungous-affected wood and certain forms of vegetable matter. These food habits agree in general with those of European species, and further observa- tions will doubtless show that members of the tribe as a whole, depend for nourishment on the lower plants or upon the tissues 55 ’ 56 Annals Entomological Society of America [Vol. IV, of the higher plants after invasion by fungi or the commence- ment of decay. The subfamily Heteropezinae comprises a number of remark- able, and taxonomically speaking, ancient forms. The species live largely, if not exclusively, in ligneous tissues in the incipient stages of decay. Miastor larvae, presumably those of M. amer- icana Felt were found in numbers in the moist, partially decayed inner bark and sapwood of chestnut. The majority of the European species studied, develop under practically similar conditions. . Our title implies a limitation to gall-making forms. This is true of the vast majority of the members of this family, though not applicable to the two subfamilies just discussed or to the lowest tribe of the Itonidinae now under considera- tion. The members of this tribe, the Epidosariae, distinctly allied with the more generalized forms-in this family by the presence of a well developed crossvein and yet exhibiting a connection with the higher forms because of the universal - presence of highly specialized circumfili, do not produce galls but live in dead, frequently dried, woody tissues. The detection of the larvae is consequently difficult and, as a result, rearings have been comparatively few. Winnertzia pinicorticis Felt was obtained by Mr. Pergande from the bark of Pinus inops. The genus Colpodia, with its remarkably long, narrow wings, probably lives in dead wood, a habit known to be true of Asynapta saliciperda Felt which was reared from old Rhab- dophaga batatas O. 8. galls on willow. The most generalized of the true gall-making forms are probably found in the tribe Dasyneuriariae, the genus Rhab- dophaga Westw. being the less specialized of this group. A study of this genus shows at once a marked partiality to Salix, a genus placed rather low in the series of flowering plants, and the production thereupon of a number of comparatively simple deformities such as bud and subcortical galls. It is pre-emi- nently a genus of the willow. Dasyneura Rond. comes next. An examination of the records shows that a large proportion of the species live in comparatively simple leaf and bud galls on various genera of the higher flowering plants, an interesting exception being the remarkable D. flavotibialis Felt which was reared from decaying wood, while D. rhois Coq. was obtained from a root gall on Sumac. The peculiar Lasiopteryx 1911] Food Habits of American Gall Midges 57 coryli Felt was reared from leaf folds on hazel, Corylus virginica. An undescribed species of Cystiphora Kieff. was reared from a very inconspicuous swelling on Viburnum leaves. | a € > e > 5 97348 5 ) i} 3 | 5 ) 3 a> a 5 lon) Silver er | a a A: Ss - hes hey nc Pair No. 3 58 29 | 11:45a.m.| June | 5 | 9:45a.m.| 6| 22 24.47° . 3 9 30 | 1:30 p. m. 6 | 11:30 a. m. 6 22 25 .41° & 1 4 C:00' pena.) 9 7:00 p.m. | 5 34.24° % 1 8 | 10:45a.m.| “ 14 6:30 p.m. | 6 734 26.9° &s 1 One 3:00! ps am. |) = 16 | 12:00 m. 7 9 24 4° s 3 12 1:00\pem: |= 18 | 5:45 p.m.}| 6 434 26.25° “ 1 6 | 1:15 p.m. | July | 11 7:00 p.m.} 5 534 32.40° § 1 8 | 3:000p.m./ “ | 13 5:00 p. m. 5 Peraaa Gite £ 1 8 4530 p.m. |) = | 13 | 1:00 p.m. 4 2114 37.81° ¢ 1 10} 1:00p.m.|~“ | 14] 9:00p.m.]| 4 | 40.22° of 3 LOD) at: 2 5p setae ae | 15 11:30.a.m.| 4 2134 | 39.54° = 1 11 4:00 p.m. | “ 16 9:00 p.m.}| 5 | 38.46° - 3 14 | 2:330p.m.| “ | 19} 7:00p.m.| 5 414 | 37.74° S 1 14 | 2:30 p.m. ne 19 6:00 a.m.| 4 15% 35.64° fe 1 18 SieIley japseraaty |) ed 24, || 8:00:a. ms] 5 1634 | 33.07° = 3 19.1 -3:30:pim:. | * | 25.) 6:00a.m.) 5 | 1416 >| 34.05° . 1 19 | 12:30 p. m. i) 24 5:00 p. m. 5 444 | 338.41° “ 3 23 | 11:30 a. m. he 2t si 2s00hm 4 12144 38 .43° # 2 4 | 10:00a.m.);Aug.| 9] 9:00a.m.) 4) 21 34.78° & 2 Did 0:30\aa mas, |) 10 2:00 p.m. 5 3% 33 .24° s 3 10:30am: |" .= 10 3:00 p. m. 5 414 | 33 .50° | But first attention should be drawn to the fact that there exists variation in the duration of embryonic development for batches of eggs deposited at the same time, hence subject to the same environmental factors including temperatures. Thus in lots 13 and 14 (Table I), from different parents, deposited at the same time on June 14 hatched at different times on June Pos iot 14 hatching *13. hours earlier than lot 13. And in lots 8 and 9; although there is a difference of an hour and a half between the times of deposition, the times of hatching diverge still more being separated by four hours and the lot deposited last hatched first. These lots were from the same parent. But contrary to this, in lots 10 and 11 deposited by different parents within 45 minutes of each other, the lot deposited first hatched first, the times of hatching being 144 hours apart. However, lots 20 and 21 deposited by different parents at the same time hatched within an hour of each other. The data are insufficient but parentage apparently does not account for the variation between batches of eggs deposited simultaneously and we must state tentatively that it is inherent and hence subject to the laws of chance or else there are factors involved which have escaped detection. We think this variation is inherent and 74 Annals Entomological Society of America [Vol. IV, hence limited or continuous and with sufficient data could be plotted in the same way as other continuous variations. It is of the same nature, apparently, as individual variations in the duration of postembryonic stadia, a matter of common obser- vation and which are not controlled by temperature within certain time limits, nor by food. As found previously, the daily average effective temperature increases as the period of embryonic development decreases and conversely. But for equal periods of development as shown in foregoing, equal amounts of temperature were not necessary, as witness lots 1 and:2, 7 and 12 and lots 13 and 21; alsovlots 9, 11 and 19. For a degree of temperature (effective) there appears to be a variable amount of growth or development, which as yet remains unpredictable; it is a specific, or maybe generic, characteristic. 2. Number of Eggs Deposited. The data obtained on this point but serve to confirm what is stated by Girault (1908, p. 157 ff.) in a previous paper and also to increase the maximum number observed to be deposited by several hundred. The data were derived mainly by keeping in confinement three pairs of hibernated beetles captured early in the season while mating in a potato field and one or two pairs of the succeeding generations. The total number of eggs deposited, the rate of deposition and other related points for the pairs of the several generations are brought out in Table II presented herewith. The records fall short of what actually would have been the totals for the generations, as toward the second week in August the adult beetles were much neglected and finally died of starvation. The effect of this lack of nour- ishment on the second generation (or parents of the third gener- ation) was especially noticeable, for although mating occurred freely throughout the different lots, oviposition occurred but once and most of the beetles disappeared into the soil for hiber- nation nearly as soon as their food was discontinued. The results indicate, however, that the first generation of adults are capable of as largean amount of reproduction as are the hibernated beetles and that the second generation of adults (or parents of the third generation) were willing or able to reproduce. The three pairs of the hibernated beetles were obtained from a potato field in Urbana captured while mating at 11 : Hibernated Adults. G a is : eneration I, 5 See ek Ea be ist Mating observed: arents 2d Gen. |Generation II. Parents 3d Gen. Mass First mati : No. May 28, 11 a.m. May 27, 7:30 p ae | eerste oeaits eka ati ee : : S ; g. il, Feo Pair No. 1. No Pair No. 2. No. Pair N Ni & : ree Eggs air No. 3. |-aNeS Pair No. 1 Pair N Date Eggs Date Rete ji | eeee D ae Beech et sot oh No | ate | ate ggs rs 1 May 28, 7:00 p.m 73 M Bete Eggs 5 ay : .-™m. ay 23-27 8 M 5 a = 30, 7:00 p. m. o7 “30. 11:00 ay 28, 1:30 p. m. Ud July 8; == FS ee : June 1, 2:00 p. m. 50 « 30) 5:00 a ny 2 ‘ A ee a.m. 58 wg) 3:00 é. me oA Aug. 11, 10:00 a. m. 3 ; i : a.m. 38 June 1, 1:00 p. m. 48 @ 0% Oe a “8, 4:30 p. m. 43 emg Os 9 : pv em «2, 2:00 p. m. eee ik. ee aS « 9, 2:00 p.m. 53 i dyeee | Bo: Pee | | Pee 8 |S eee | 8 8 « 6. aes A an 46 _ 8’ 730 a.m. 43 U3 4, 2:00 D ae 47 5 »—+— p. Mm. 30 9 Z u : ‘e ° ‘ ,—i— a.m. 8 « i - , 11, 10:00 a. m. 44 10 Saas Searls ge ih eet OR ee | 2 «11, 4:00p.m. | 32 1 { $10M5a.m. | 48 te iaO eiecrrames eee eee | ae ee tee rape 12 « 1 30pm | 24 Gee 57 aes. | ss a ee eae 13 « 43° 3:00 p.m. & cat ce es %2 « 7! 730 p.m. Bo lg Pace ee pee 80 14 & : Soe : i , 3:00 p.m. “ A i, » t2i0U p.m. a asc A ae a Saeco et Le gasp im, | tae, 800R im, | MD 16 #92) 130 pms | 37 yt, GA Perna aee “10, 4:00.a. m 48 oye aR Ne 64 17 « 93° 9:00 p. ae 39 : 14, 10:00 a. m. 6 © 41, 3:45 D. Ba 4 . 18, 3:15 p. m, 83 18 #20 oie, || ~ 21 Rey ant aye alana (12 e100ipm. | 933 Peis coe 19 “« 96 4:00 D. a 36 i PALE APO) ia) sacks 40 Co TR Moats =. ane 45 a 21, 11:30 a. m. 88 20 af) RRS 22) 1:30p.m. | 49 « 44’ a 2 21-22, a. m. a «36, £00p.m. | 32 2, gdDa.m. | 38 omer | a « 2 S00 p.m. | 6 22 « 30;1000em. | 30 Ke 24 30's, eet | 20 ae | occbee aieyanen: 9 23 | July 1, 1:30pm. | 4 ¢ BS. 2:20 p.m. fo “ 91, 1:30p.m. | 36 me as a0 ; 24 rue on 29, 3:00 p. m. 24 dog's agian, 27, 10:00 a. m. 26 25 rs 4. 2:50 oot July 1, 10:00 a. m. 10 « 98" 4:40 ae 21 26 , 2:00 p.m. 31 = me 30 a 28° 5:30 Deetn. 41 97 ¢ 3, 2:40 p. m. Ph July 4. 3:30 Daan. 8 28 ‘ 6, 1:20 p. m. 44 « 3 1:30 Bh 28 29 7, 3:00p.m. | 42 SE, °| ae 30 s 9, 11:45 a. m. 4] « 9. 1:30 peat 46 31 a ee cea eae ite.) aes 39 3 , 9:30 a.m. 14 Ti MO) aa 33 «12, 1:00 p.m. 8 « 49" 9:00 Be 29 34 14. 2:30 p. m. DO a 10 A « 15012:00 Mo | 37 ee et a 36 ; . 1%, W45.a2°m, 45 “« 15, 3:00 ee 33 37 “ 18, 10:30 a. m. 49 we tg to Oe, 32 38 SENT nee wanes ceetp eget, © | 41 39 , 1:00 p. m. c Heenan | 40 « 35, 10:00 a. m. io eee |B 41 25, 10:30 a. m. 21 « 96 4:00 ae 70 42 Aug. 2, a9 a eee aan 4:00 p.m. 17 3 é 3, 16 e 30° en p.m. 34 v 44 «“ 4, 10:00 a. m 38 > 10:00 a. m. 10 ? “ Aug. 2, 10 45 a 5, 10:30 a. m 6 og oS em 7 Pay thse wh “ pes) ee 47 &) 7, 1100.4, 19 rae ct ae 19 48 11, 10:00 a. m 1 aeldngne aca n<| baat 49 “ 16, —:—p.m Yu i , aires PD: m. 21 50 - ie 8, —:— p. m. 12 4 ; a i) 30) a0 it) ie m. * >A : : it ta eh 1911] Notes on the Colorado Potato Beetle 7d A. M., May 23 (pairs No. 1 and 2) and at 7:30 p. M., May 27, 1908 (pair No. 3) and confined with food immediately after capture. The single pair of the first generation resulted from a mass of 60 eggs deposited by hibernated beetles and taken from the field on May 23, 1908 and the single repro- ducing pair of the second generation are direct descendants of the pair of the first generation. In the case of an extra cage containing a large number of adults collected in the field during the latter part of July, a female was observed to deposit a mass of 103 eggs, the largest single mass of eggs yet recorded. In another case, the rate of Oviposition was timed; a female deposited in succession in a single mass in the usual manner 64 eggs in a period of time occupying 3200 seconds or 53 1-3 minutes. The rate of deposi- tion was regular, each single deposit requiring 50 seconds—40 seconds to pass the egg and to fasten it and about 10 seconds to obtain position for the next deposit. Attention is called to the rapid deposition of the single pair of the first generation, having a daily rate of deposition of 52 eggs and on a single day (July 8) depositing as many as 153 eggs in three separate batches, averaging 51 eggs each. THE LARVA. 1. Duration of Larval Stadia. We were able to make more observations concerning this phase of the beetle’s life during 1908 than at previous times. The records for the first fifteen lots in the annexed table (Table III) comprise single larvae of the same age and parentage, that is, they are all from the same batch of eggs, hatching at the Same average time but confined separately each individual ecdysis being recorded. Lot No. 16, comprising 45 larvae, was from the same mass of 60 eggs as the larvae of lots No. 1-15, but upon hatching were confined together on their food. With them, the first ecdysis became general at 4 Pp. M., May 29; the second ecdysis began aeroe. M., May 31, but was not general until 2:30 P. M., June 1, and was completed at 6 P. M., June 1, occupying peperiod of 23 hours. On June 3, the larvae were large, plump and healthy, eating voraciously, but only 30 in number, 15 having died. The third ecdysis began at 5 P. M., June 4, | Ge | Ade We |p te : YRl| % tH | & |\M9l) & aBBIOAY } 0} © oF SE |000°29E | 6 | OF EE O0S ACen eel he lt er roe eal eee mga ON Ge Cibo m= || (Galen eeec0O 8h, ‘ud 00:6 ‘OL » | G8 | Jee o€0 SE [o0F S86 | S| It “Ur 'd OOTT ‘GS pO ee ne | ail eee ESCO. 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Has | ASR Ss (als | a AI WNIprys =|) IIT mnIpeys Ges I] Wripeysg Eales J wntpeys | : votll BHO | B* o ]tOs peiojuq ent sisApoq pg -p SISApoOY PZ 2 SISApoy 4S] | 90In0G peyoeyy & % Woe hy g UINTpPeyS wInIpryg wmrpris wimnipryg 3 [= Poe | — gg. 7} Sung jo jo jo jo Suet eee AS uorjeing uolzrIng uolzPInqg uoljPing lis ‘SO6L ‘SNOILVYANAL) INAYAIMIG, MOU VIGVIS AVANT JO NOLLVUAC Til d€ lav 1911] Notes on the Colorado Potato Beetle ~I ~I and was general at 8 A. M., June 5, concluding at 2 P. M., June 5, occupying a period of 21 hours. But 18 larvae suc- cessfully survived the ecdysis. Entering the soil for pupation began on June 7, at 4:30 A. M. and all larvae had entered by June 8, 7 Pp. M. Table III summarizes. 2. Number of Ecdyses. There can be no doubt but that the normal number of larval ecdyses, excluding pupation, is three and as additional evidence we have observed this number in two hundred and the fifty cases during the season without a single exception for whole number. The question may be considered as settled. 3. Duration of the Larval Stage. There being no data concerning this point other than what are already included in Table III, it is unnecessary to repeat them here, but reference should be made to the column of sums of that table. THE PUPA. 1. Duration of Pupal Stage. Table IV summarizes sufficiently well all of our data for 1908 concerning this phase of the beetle’s life cycle. TABLE IV. DURATION OF PUPAL STAGE, ACTUAL TIME IN SOIL, SEASON 1908. Length Time Lot | No | ae Sum of Effective No: Papaet| Entered Soil. Adults Emerged Tenioh Deeces Days. | Hours. Fahr. 1 1 June 7, 4:30 a.m. June 21, 1:30 p. m. 14 9 418 4° 6 1 2 8, 7:00 p. m. 22, 6:00 a.m. 3 11 383 ..2° 7 1 & 7, 4:30 a. m. r 19, 4:00 p. m. 12 lll, 307 .5° 8 1 ee @,, 4:30\a. mm: # 21, 1:30 p. m. 14 9 418.4° ll i eS 8, 7:00 p. m. : 22, 1:00 p. m. 13 18 396 .6° 127 1 Ned ge 7, 4:30 a.m. £ 21, 1:30 p. m. 14 9 418.4° 16 45 « 7, noon f 22, noon 15 444.2° 17a lee July 19, 7:00a.m. | July 30, 6:00 p..m 11 9 425 .9° 18b eee ky 24, 8:00 a. m. Aug. 4, 7:00 p.m 11 11 150.6° 19¢ 58 os D5es'9-00lne mast oe 6, 7:00 a.m 11 10 404 5° 20d 43 £ 24, 11:00 p. m. f 4, 8:30 a.m 10 916 396.4 2le 56 # 25, 11:00 p. m. s 5, 12:15 p. m 10 1314 397 .4° 22£ oot ao 27, 6:00 a.m. C 6, 6:00 p.m 10 12 410.6 * These numters correspond with the lots in Table ILI. J Average of Lots No. 1 to 12, 13 days, 1914 hours. 78 Annals Entomological Society of America [Vol. IV, THE ADULT. 1. Length of Life in Confinement. a. In Pairs Normally Reproducing. The data obtained on this point are scanty and much vitiated by the fact that the lots were neglected too soon to obtain normal results, but they supplement to some extent the data obtained in 1907 tending to support the theory that the average duration of life of normally reproducing adults is two months or more. The average here is 1.8+ months, the data however being insufficient. TABIEE Vv LENGTH OF ADULT LIFE IN CONFINEMENT, NORMALLY REPRODUCING. ‘ No. | Length of Life | eer Date of Death, 1908. e Lot No. | EE Source. ‘Date Confined, 1908 Months | | (Emergence.) | | Male | Female} Male Female Male | Female | | eS I. Hibernated | | 1 ee SL LABS? | cS a occ ee | 1la.m., May 23 June 4* July 7 0.4 1.5 2 eel: 1 | Potato field,mating. | 1la.m., May 23 | Aug. 16f Aug. 167 2.8+| 2.8+ = 3 ; i, ot 1 | 7:30 p.m.,May 27 | July 26 Aug. 16T 1.96 | 2.66+ . Gen. | | 1 | 1 S| Hibernated adults | June 23 Aug. 16¢ Aug. 16f 1.8+|) 1.8+ (nature) III. Gen. II pee Many | Pair No.1, GenI. | July 30—Aug. 8 Augustt Augustt 0.5+} 0.5+ | | * Escaped. + Liberated. t Starved and entered hibernation. 2. Length of the Period of Oviposition. As with the previous section, the results here are abnormally short in point of duration for the reasons given. They are merely tabulated therefore, without further comment. TABLE VI. LENGTH OF THE PERIOD OF OVIPOSITION. DIFFERENT GENERATIONS, 1908. | First Eggs Last Eggs Length of Period of Generation No. First Mated. | Deposited. Deposited. Oviposition, Days. Hibernated— PairgNowleesc 22. ol) kasm. miayEeo 7 p.m., May 23 2:50 p.m., July 4 42+ Pair No. 2.20... ..<<] Il asm, Mayi23 May 25* August 16, p. m. 83 PaingNondee ens) dco pains aivciyeo 1:30 p. m., May 28} August 12, p. m. 76 I—Pair No. 1...........) 9a.m., June 23 July 8, a. m. 10 a. m., July 27 20+ IJ.—Pair No. Ic....... Aug. 11, 3 p. m. Aug. 1, 10a. m. Aug. 12, p.m. 1+ * Average time of a period of 4 days. 1911] 3. Notes on the Colorado Potato Beetle Mating. 79 The observations on this habit are also limited, but those matings actually observed are summarized in Table VII. In a single case, the time actually involved from beginning to end of the act was obtained, being three and one-half hours (10:30 A. M. to 2 P.M., June 18, Pair No. 3, hibernated adults.) TABLES VEL, FREQUENCY OF MATING IN REPRODUCING PAIRS. DIFFERENT GENERATIONS, 1908. ' 1m t sea |e page srs Neier: Generation | Pair | o» |os “aii 5 e No. No. First Mating Subsequent Matings | Last Matings ae 3 SD Os | OZ] SS QA Cee | Sel ane 6 3 ZF olin o Q An Hibernated 1 11a. m., May 23 May 28, 30, 31......\| June 4* 6 12 42+ 25 J Wane aes Seen etancreye Io 2 | May 27, 30.......... Wijne:2 745 20s oe 2 1la.m., May 23 j;,July 1, 23, 26, 28....;| August 11 17 80 83 48 : A Gre Ae O05) > ae Usteacntees cea May SOs 28 oa 3 7:30 p. m., May 27 |} June 3, 4, 10, 13, 18, July 18 17f 52 76 | 30 | 18, 20, 24, 24.... | HED forties aan tego Wye [ 1 (2) YS, Tals ANGSI 9p sts el lees cece Lo Hom Senate July 8 2 15 20+ | 22 la Agia. a Datite= eal | Ic Aug. 9, 4 p. m. | 1d Auge 9alOlasmes erlvAugs 45. Os cpr oss Avion 7, Qlasm tt | iD) 314 as II 2d Aug. 9,10.a.m.° || Aug. 11, 12 Aug. 13, 3 p. m. 4 4 1+ 2 3d Aug. 9, 6:30 a. m.°) | le Aug. 11° NipeaNiy eel By 8 CSAs aeaete Aug. 14 | 3 3 If Aug. 11 f ae pee hs * Male escaped. Tt Male died July 26. ° Only observed mating; hibernation followed within 10 days. ft Male entered soil for hibernation. Mating was observed during the following hours of the day: Practically at any hour between 7 A. M. and 11 P. M., more commonly at 9, 10 and 11 a. Mm. and 1, 2, 3, 4 and 6 P. M. or The function was observed most commonly at 9 and 10 A. M., over 31 per cent of the 58 times at fractions of those hours. the act was observed being either at or between those two Fifty per cent of the observed matings occurred in the hours. morning and fifty per cent. in the afternoon or evening. servations were continued throughout most of the night, up at least until midnight, commencing again at six o'clock in the morning. Ob- 80 Annals Entomological Society of America [Vol. IV, 4. Potency of Fertilization. As concerns this point, it was noticed in the case of the hiber- nated pairs, and with these pairs only was opportunity presented to gather any data bearing on the question, that the female of Pair No. 1 continued to deposit fertile ova for one month after the absence of the male (June 4, 7 P. M., to July 4, 2:50 p.M.); and that the female of Pair No. 3 deposited fertile ova for seventeen days after the death of her mate. No other data were obtained. 5. Number and History of Generations Reared in the Laboratory. Our data here are also meagre, but they certainly do tend to uphold the opinion that the adults of the second generation (or parents of the third generation) are at least able, if not willing, to reproduce and hence the observations of last year (Girault 1908) are upheld and Tower’s (1906) dictum that ‘“The second generation does not develop the germ-cells nor show any reproductive activity until after it has passed through a period of hibernation or aestivation’’ becomes in our minds less and less authoritative. These beetles of the second gen- eration with us certainly showed reproductive activity, if repeated matings can be called such, and one pair, even under very adverse conditions—starvation—deposited fertile eggs, which surely must be conceded to be reproduction which cannot of course take place without development of the germ-cells. The beetles with us this year plainly showed symptoms of what we would call eagerness and ability to reproduce. These beetles were those of the second generation, as will be shown in the fol- lowing brief historical sketch, and were normal in every way, that is to say, did not represent any special race of the species. On May 23, 1908, or at the earliest possible date, 60 eggs of the species were collected from a potato plant in a small plot of potatoes at Urbana, Illinois and brought to the laboratory to comprise the first generation or descendants of the hiber- nated adults. The larvae came to maturity early in June and pupated and eleven adults emerged between June 21 and June 23. They were confined together with food. On the latter date a pair were found mating and were at once isolated as the parents of the second generation.* From this pair of adults of the first generation, there were taken for the special * The others were accidentally poisoned with arsenate of lead. 1911] Notes on the Colorado Potato Beetle 81 purpose of rearing a sufficient quantity of the second generation, six lots or batches of eggs numbered froma tof. Inall 49 adults were obtained from the six batches. For clearness, the batches are treated in detail: (1) Batch a, consisting of about 20 (number unknown) eggs hatched at 6:30 A. M., July 7, the resulting larvae entering the soil for pupation at the average mime or ( AM. July 19 and on July 30 and 31,4 adults were obtained. These were at once fed and at 3 Pp. M., August 3, a pair were observed mating and were isolated. This pair continued to mate until 9 A. M., August 7, the o entering the soil shortly afterward; with them mating was observed five times, but no oviposition occurred. In the meantime, the two remaining beetles had hibernated (August 8), the mated female following a week later. Hibernation induced by star- vation due to lack of time in which to feed the beetles. (2) Batch 8, consisting of 60 eggs came to larval maturity at 8 A. M., July 24, and on August 4 and 5, two adults were obtained comprising the whole survival. These were males and hiber- nated on August 22. (8) Batch c, 58 eggs, came to larval maturity at 9 Pp. M., July 25, and gave from August 5 to 7, 4 adults which were placed on food as they emerged. A male died on August 8 and a pair were mating at 4 P. M., August 9; this pair was then isolated. On August 11 at 10 A. M., 3 eggs were deposited which proved to be fertile; mating was again observed at 3 Pp. M. the same day and at the same hour on August 12; later’ the same day (12) 9 eggs were deposited on a leaf, which also proved to be fertile; another mating was observed at 9 A. M., August 13, but thereafter no other matings were observed and further reproduction did not occur. The remaining adult died on August 22, but the mated pair remained alive without food until August 25, when the cage was broken up. Oviposition and mating in spite of insufficient food. (4) Batch d, 43 eggs, came to larval maturity at 10 Pp. M., July 24, and on August 4 from 7 to 10 A. M., 11 adults were obtained, the total survival. On August 9, 3 pairs observed mating were isolated but other matings did not occur with them nor oviposition, caused as we have reason to believe, by the neglect to supply food. Thus, on August 13 the third pair had entered the soil for hibernation and. two days later the second pair had done likewise; the first pair remained on top of the soil until August 25, 82 Annals Entomological Society of America [Vol. IV, when they were killed and removed. Of the remaining five adults, two had died by August 11 and the three others hiber- nated on August 22. (5) Batch e, 56 eggs, came to larval maturity at the average time of 11 Pp. M., July 25, and gave 24 adults from August 4 to August 6, which were confined together with food. But a single pair was isolated, observed mating on August 11, though previously, mating had occurred promiscuously. This pair was neglected after isolation and no further reproductive activity occurred; on August 13 at 9 A. M., the male entered the soil for hibernation and on August 25 the pair were removed still alive. Of the remaining 22 beetles, 4 hibernated on August 11 at 9 A. M. and by August 22, all had disappeared beneath the soil, two having died there. No reproduction, but during the period of feeding, after several days, mating was frequent and promiscuous and there is good reason for believing that reproduction was prevented by actual starvation at a critical period. (6) Batch f, 32 eggs, arrived at larval maturity at the average time of 6 A. M., July 27, and gave 4 aduits August 7 and 8; on Atgusqeeem a mating pair of this lot were isolated and the remaining two also paired. The first pair mated again on August 13 and August 14 but no oviposition followed and they were removed on August 25, after days of starvation. The second pair had hibernated by August 22, without depositing eggs and with no further observed matings. In general it may be stated that the adults of the second generation just after emergence fed voraciously for several days and then began to mate as though eager to reproduce and one pair acutally deposited fertile eggs, insuring at least a por- tion of a third generation. It was at this time in their lives, just following the period of heavy feeding and the beginning of mating that stress of other work caused the food to be neg- lected and after August 8, the beetles were starving and were forced to hibernate. Incidentally, it was also true that their food-plant in nature was also very scarce at this time, so even if at large, it is not unreasonable to suppose that these beetles of the second generation would have been forced into hiberna- tion before reproduction could begin, though willing and able to reproduce. What little evidence we have gathered this year forces us to conclude that the second generation of adults exceptionally are both willing and able to reproduce, merely 1911] Notes on the Colorado Potato Beetle 83 supplementing what was previously indicated to be true in 1907. The evidence of course is gross in nature, for we did not actually examine the mated females in any case for sperma- tozoa, so that in the majority of cases, actual mating is open to question. It is needless to say that this should have been done. But in at least one case we are sure that both mating and repro- duction occurred as fertile ova were deposited. In regard to the seasonal history in 1908, the second genera- tion was obtained nearly a month earlier than that obtained in 1907, so that there was ample time for a third generation. The following table summarizes the generations reared in con- finement. TABLE VIII. GENERATIONS REARED IN THE LABORATORY, URBANA, ILLINOIS, 1908. Generation Length of Cycle. Effective No. ‘Eggs Deposited. Adults Out. Temp Sums, j | Days Hours Degrees F. I May 21* | June 22 tao 948. 2°* II. Lot a July 27 July 30, 11 p.m 28 12 a b uly 6, 1:15 p. m. August 4, 7 p. m. | 29 534 | 1062.3° ¢c July 8, 3 p. m. August 6, 7 a. a 28 | 16 | 1056.6° d uly 8, 4:30 p. m. August 4, 8:30 a. } 26 16 | 979 .6° e July 10,1 p.m. August 5, noon. 25 23 976.9° f July 11,4 p.m. August 7, 6 p. m. 27 2 / 1009.9° ee ee | III. August 11 and 12. | Not reared to maturity | | | t Approximated; hatched 6:30 a. m., July 7. * Approximated; farchedl i ag a May 27. LITERATURE REFERRED TO. 1905. Stiles, Charles Wardell, Bull. No. 24, Hygienic Laboratory, Public Health and Marine-Hospital Service of the United States, Treasury Department, Washington, D. C. 1906. Tower, William Lawrence. An investigation of evolution in chrysomelid beetles of the genus Leptinotarsa. Publication No. 48, Carnegie Institu- tion of Washington, Washington, D. C. 1907. Girault, Alexandre Arsene and Arthur H. Rosenfeld. Biological notes on the colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say), with technical description of its stages. Psyche, Cambridge, Mass. XIV, pp. 45-57. 1908. Girault, Alexandre Arsene. Further biological notes on the colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say), including observations on the number of generations and length of the period of oviposition. Annals Ent. Society of America, Columbus, Ohio, I, pp. 155-178 MINUTES OF THE MINNEAPOLIS MEETING. The Fifth Annual Meeting of the Entomological Society of America was called to order at 10:45 A. M., December 27, 1910, in the School of Mines Building, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, by the President, Dr. John B. Smith. In the absence of the Secretary, Professor J. G. Sanders was elected Secretary pro tem. Announcements. Professor F. L. Washburn moved that the chair appoint a committee of three to confer with a similar committee from the Association of Economic Entomologists concerning the organiz- ation of an Entomological Employment Bureau or Clearing House. It was agreed that the organization of such a body would facilitate the securing of available men for entomological work. Several expressed favorable opinions concerning this proposition. The following papers were presented: Notes on the Tingid Leptobyrsa explanata Heid., by E. L. Dickerson; read by the Secretary. Notes on Sanninoidea exitiosa by Dr. J. B. Smith. Discus- sion by Mr. R. L. Webster, asking if any tables of head widths of various larval instars of this species had been published. He reported that such measurements constituted a very good method of identification. “The Structure of Spermatophores in Crickets,” by Mr. J. P. Jensen. Read by the author.- (Published in Ware ANNALS.) Dr. Smith asked if studies had been made of the copulatory organs in various species. Mr. Jensen replied that comparative drawings of a large number of individuals of the same species had been made, likewise of different species. He also reported that Nemobius fasciatus var. vittatus had been found in large numbers digging in loose soils, securing and destroying eggs of Melanoplus bilineatus. He considered this insect as undoubted- ly a considerable factor in the control of Melanoplus. Dr. Smith questioned: “Is not such the general habit of some Orthopiera?’’ Was answered by Professor Bruner, “ Many Orthoptera are largely carnivorous.”’ Professor Oestlund invited members to visit and inspect his collection of Aphididae. 84 te sth oF. +1911) Minutes of the Minneapolis M eeting 85 The Society then adjourned until 1:30 P. M. The President appointed the following committees when the Society reconvened: Committee on Employment Bureau to confer with similar Committee from the Association of Economic Entomologists: Messrs. F. L. Washburn, Herbert Osborn, and Henry Skinner. Nominating Committee: Professors E. D. Sanderson, H. E. Summers and R. L. Webster. Auditing Committee: Professors Lawrence Bruner and J. G. Sanders. The following papers were read: ~The Biological Survey of the Insect Life of Kansas’ Professor S. J. Hunter. “‘An Experimental Study of the Death-Feigning Habit of Belostoma (Zaitha) flumineum and Nepa apiculata Uhler,”’ by H. C. and H. H. Severin. Discussed by E. C. Cotton with the remark that the weevil Apion segnipes which worked in border pea-pods in Tennsesee was unable to free itself from the pod but is released automatically by the sudden opening of the pod. The Apion when disturbed under such conditions does not feign death, but if handled later it feigns death. ‘Announcement of Further Results Secured in the Study of Tachinidae and Allies,” by C. H. T. Townsend, Piura, Peru. This paper was read in part by the Secretary. (To be pub- lished in June ANNALS.) The“ Report of the Committee on Nomenclature’’ was written by Professor T. D. A. Cockerell with H. T. Fernald and E. P. Felt and was read by the Secretary. After some discussion, rior 1. &. Summers moved to receive the report, order it printed and consider it at a later date. Carried. The Society then adjourned until Wednesday at 9:00 A. M. At 9:00 a. M., December 28, the Society was again called to s by - order by the President, Dr. Smith, and the following reports presented: The Report of the Editor of the ANNALS, Professor Herbert Osborn, was presented and on motion of Professor Lawrence Bruner, was accepted. The Report of the Auditing Committee on the accounts of the Editor was presented by Professor Lawrence Bruner and accepted. He also reported on the accounts of the Treasurer for the Committee and they were accepted subject, to correction, 86 Annals Entomological Society of America [Vol. IV, The Report of the Secretary of the Executive Committee was presented and accepted and is given in full later. The following paper was read: “Some Suggested Rules to Govern Entomological Publi- cations,’’ by T. D. A. Cockerell, read by the Secretary, )sev- eral suggestions were made by Dr. Wolcott concerning entomo- logical publications, as follows: That it is the privilege of contributors to demand proof of their papers, but it is also obligatory that corrected proof be returned as soon as possible. Likewise, it was remarked that contributors could not expect manuscripts to appear in print on extremely short notice, as is frequently the case, but should expect their papers to take their turn. The Nominating Committee reported as follows for officers HOT LOW: President— PROFESSOR HERBERT OSBORN. First Vice President—PROFESSOR LAWRENCE BRUNER. Second Vice President—-PROFESSOR A. D. MACGILLIVRAY. Secretary-Tveasurer—PROFESSOR A. D. MACGILLIVRAY. Additional Members of the Executive Committee: Professor J. H. Comstock Dr. W. M. WHEELER Dr. J. B.. SMITH, Dr. H. SKINNER, PROFESSOR C. J. S. BETHUNE, Dr. A. D. HOPKINS. It was moved by Professor M. H. Swenk that the Secretary be instructed to cast a unanimous ballot for the officers nomi- nated. Professor E. D. Sanderson moved that a vote of thanks from the Society be extended to Professor Herbert Osborn, Manag- ing Editor, for his faithfulness and especial care in the publica- tion of the ANNALS. | Professor T. B. Symons moved that a vote of thanks be extended to the authorities of the University of Minnesota for their kindness in offering the use of the School of Mines Building for the Meetings of the Society. On motion of Professor T. B. Symons, the Society adjourned to meet in joint session with the Association of Economic Entomologists in the afternoon. The Annual Public Address was given in the Handicraft Guild Hall at 8:00 P. M., by Professor F. L. Washburn: The Typhoid Fly in the Minnesota Iron Range. 1911] Minutes of the Minneapolis Meeting S7 REPORT OF THE EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE. December 27, 1910. The Executive Committee met in the corridor of the Hotel Dyckman at 10:00, with the following members present: Profess- ors Smith, Bruner, Osborn, and Sanders. The following busi- ness was transacted: List OF MEMBERS DECEASED DURING THE YEAR Ending November 30, 1910. F. A. Herrick, New Brighton, Pa. G. A. West, Urbana, IIl. G. W. Peck, Roselle Park, N. J. Rey. J. L. Zabriskie, Brooklyn, N. Y. Henry Ulke, Washington, D. C. The following were elected to membership in June, 1910: E. M. Walker, C. R. Alexander, Edward E. Philips, Miss A. C. Stryke. Alvin R. Cahn, The following were elected by the Executive Committee: Henry E. Ewing, Miss E. I. McDaniel, M. D. Leonard, F. H. Shoemaker, R. D. Whitmarsh, W. R. McConnell, E. W. Stafford, ; W. R. Thompson, E. O. Essig, D. Finkelstein, H. R. Jennings, : Gy Re Blunkent: George G. Becker, E. W. Scott. The following resignations have been accepted and member- ship terminated: Co ©;. Adams; F. W. Powers, J. S. Faaborg, W. G. Wright. A Mares. The Secretary-Treasurer reported a list of eighty members, who, according to the rules of the Society, had been dropped for the nonpayment of dues. The Executive Committee referred this matter back to the Secretary and authorized him to write a personal letter to each. The Treasurer presented the following report of receipts and disbursements for the year ending November 20, 1910. J SS Annals Entomological Society of America _ |Vol. IV, RECEIPTS: Balanicedtonwarden ni tet ck Aow ao Sees Sa eee eee eee $ 38.32 Receivedetromebl.OsSborm: Subscriptions, sone eee eee 109.05 Cash received for duess 1910... oa. oF ee re ee eee 316.70 (Cash weceiyed doridues' past, <°.. ./ 55.22...) 8 ee eee 80.00 396.70 Cash received tor subscritpions, 19105 25s) ee eee ee $243.00 Cashrrecenved-ftor subscriptions, past< 4. -- eee eee ee 58.90 $301.90 HeOsborn Nov. ill -19l0.. ast 2 ee eee 135.07 MO tabs. Weise tee he Sree ued | by A SEV Se ee eee $981.04 DISBURSEMENTS: PorcANnats, = Dec.,” 1909; 100005)... 2 eee a ee eee eae March; 1910. .800:. 0c eee eee eee 192.68 tune; 1910,: “S00... et epee arte ees 170.23 $545.62 Includes reprints, etc., clerical) ty pewniting- a: os oee eee eee 37.40 Postage, stamped envelopes, cards! ee ase ee ee 22.21 HHaili-tones ANNALS. 4252.2 oles hat eat ee ane eel ae 9.22 Dues; notices, ‘statements::.. osc. oat So, ee eee 11.50 Express, telegrams, ledger paper, dating stamp.n) ese ete eee 1.60 Excess remittance returned to Akerlind®. ..:... 2:20. .e.2.- eee Balance cash on hand. .+2022. 3. be aeee eh ee 352.49 MOtal sn. Wc s4 SEIS ie Oe ee On $981.04 Of the $352.49 now on hand $100, the fees from life members, is deposited in the Rothschild Bank of Ithaca where it is drawing A% interest. There is charged against the Society to offset dues of mem- bers dropped, resigned and deceased, 91 members, $239.85;- Charges against ANNALS to offset subscriptions for members dropped, resigned and deceased, $35.00; total, $274.85. These charges reduce the apparent assets for the year con- siderably. Quite a number of these members dropped out last year, but the proper charge was not made on the books. The Secretary was instructed at the Boston Meeting to take a mail vote of all members and fellows of the society as to whether the present arrangement for separate dues and subscriptions to the ANNALS should remain in force, or whether they should be combined into a single fee of two dollars with the provisions that all should receive without further expense the publications of the Society. The result of this vote was as follows: For the amendment 182; against the amendment 18; blanks returned but preference not expressed 2; total 202. While the vote was decidedly in the affirmative, only shehtly over one-half of the members voted. J. G. SANDERS, Secretary. 1911} Minutes of the Minneapolis Meeting 89 REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON NOMENCLATURE. The Committee has received a letter from Dr. C. W. Stiles, of the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, stating that it is proposed to work out the correct names of all the animals most intimately connected with man. In the course of this work, it becomes necessary to deal with the insect parasites of man, and it 1s desired that the list, as finally presented, shall show the correct names as determined under the International Code, and enumerate all the synonyms. Dr. Stiles suggests that this work on the insects shall be under- taken in the first instance by the Nomenclature Committee of the Entomological Society of America, in correspondence with the like Committee of the Association of Economic Entom- ologists, and such other persons as it may seem desirable to consult. The report so prepared should, it 1s suggested, be referred to the Committee on Nomenclature of the International Entomological Congress and the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, whence it would pass to the Zool- ogical Congress three years hence. Your Committee is anxious to further these plans, recog- nizing that the proposed list would be of great service. There are, however, some difficulties. The Committee of the Associa- tion of Economic Entomologists was formed for the purpose of determining the common or vernacular names of insects, and has not hitherto concerned itself with scientific nomenclature beyond printing lists of scientific names to accompany and define the common names proposed. Your Committee itself was appointed to discuss nomenclatural questions, for which the data were supposed to be provided, and did not expect to have to report on matters outside of the range of nomenclature. It is obvious that the preparation of a complete and authentic list of the insect parasites of man involves many taxonomic questions to which nomenclature is only secondary. It is not understood whether the list should include only parasites in the restricted sense, but we suppose that in order to be of real value and importance, it should contain the names of various blood- sucking forms, Culicidae, Glossina, etc., etc., which are certainly intimately connected with man. Taking this for granted, we are at once brought into contact with various difficulties, e. g., QO) Annals Entomological Society of America [Vol. VI, those connected with the proper classification of the Culicidae, and under the circumstances, your committee is wholly unwill- ing to merely compile a catalogue from the literature, correcting any obvious violations of the rules of nomenclature which may be found. Probably the only way in which your Committee could pre- pare a satisfactory work would be through inviting specialists in. the different groups of insects to submit their ltsts, which might be published under the signatures of their authors, and discussed and amended as might seem necessary. For this purpose mere outlines, without details, would usually suffice. If the cooperation of the specialists was freely given, and their proposals were freely discussed for a period, the Committee might then be in a position to bring the results together in a single catalogue. 5 The Committee would call the attention of entomologists generally, to the importance of preparing lists giving the synonymy and indicating the generic types in their respective groups. Such work would go far toward permanence in generic designation, particularly if of such a scope as to include the genera of an entire faunal region, rather than accepting a continental or national limitation. Such contributions to knowledge should involve assistance from practically all workers in a group and your committee hopes that shortly this will be the general rule. ; In dealing with various matters, it is occasionally found that the International Code, as at present constituted, is either capable of more than one interpretation, or fails to settle a matter in dispute. We have discussed some of these questions, but at the present time desire only to offer the following sug- gestions for the consideration of the Society. It is to be under- stood that so far as these provisions may be different from or additional to those of the International Code, it is intended that, if they are adopted, they shall be transmitted to the Internation- al Committee, for consideration as amendments to the code. (1) Secondary homonyms, based on invalid combinations, shall not be recognized. This means that if a new species is published as A—b—, and is later wrongly transferred to another genus as B— b—, it is still permissible for an author to describe a new species as B— b—, although he may not 1911] Minutes of the Minneapolis Meeting 91 name one A— b— even if the species originally so named has been properly transferred to some other genus. This point is not specifically covered by the International Code, although the spirit of the code seems rather against it. It is however covered by the American Ornithologists’ Union Code (1908 edition, p. Ivii), and correspondence shows that it is favored by many entomologists. (2) When an author describes a new species, citing several localities, and not mentioning any one as typical, then any writer following may designate any one of the localities origin- ally given as the type locality, provided always that nothing in the original name or description indicates otherwise. (If the name of the species has reference to any locality or to any collector who collected in only one of the localities cited, this will suffice to fix the type locality from the original publication alone.) The following, formulated by a member of the committee, is now offered for discussion without endorsement, the majority of the committee feeling that it requires further consideration or perhaps amendment. (3) Generic names shall not be considered as validly pub- lished unless the author, at the time of publication, either mentions an included species by its scientific (binominal) name, which name has been validated by a description; or cites a species in such a way that definite reference can be made, following the data given, to a previously published scientific name. It may be held, however, that when a genus is proposed with a description, and a single new species cited as type, the latter without description, then the generic description may cover both, just as if the author had given the whole combina- tion at the beginning, followed by ‘“‘n. g. and sp.’’, as is fre- quently done. Differences of opinion exist as to whether the above rule, or the spirit of it, is in accordance with Article 25 of the Inter- national Code. H. JT. FERNALD, eves BELT, eo eae OCKERELI, ANNALS The Entomological Society of America Volume 1 V jCENIES.. F S> TI Number 2 MAY-FLIES OF FALL CREEK. By ANNA H. MorGAn. Limnological Department, Cornell University. The following paper is a preliminary study of the ecology of the May-flies in the streams about Ithaca, N. Y., more especially in Fall Creek. In these, as in most fresh water streams, the nymphs of this order are abundant. In Fall Creek they are the dominant insects of the stream during the months of April, May and June, and by their fine adaptations to diverse environments they offer a satisfying field of study to any brook traveler. The nymphs may be easily secured, but only imagoes exist in most collections, and these usually as dried distorted specimens whose life-histories are little known. The winged or aerial life lasts but a few days at most; the nymphal or aquatic life may extend over two or three years. The imago exhibits great specialization of parts concerned with reproduct- ion and more striking atrophy of other parts than may be seen any where else among insects. Imagoes of all the groups are remarkably alike in superficial appearance. The nymphs, on the other hand, display a series of adaptations as diverse as their environments. Only by rearing specimens from nymphal to adult life may these two stages be linked together. Many of the life-histories of those species found in Eastern North America have been made known. It has been with the hope of adding to the number of these life-histories, as well as with the purpose of gaining more knowledge of the habits of those already known, that this study has been begun. The earlier American workers, Say, Hagen and Walsh* scarcely took up * Walsh, B. D. On the pupa of the Ephemerinous genus Baetisca Walsh. Proceed. of the Ent. Soc. of Philadelphia. 1864. pp. 200-206. * Walsh, D. B. List of the Pseudoneuroptera of Illinois. Proceedings of the Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. 1862. 93 94 Annals Entomological Society of America [Vol. IV, the rearing of nymphs but by their descriptive work they laid the foundation for the life-history studies which have fol- lowed. Berryjt ’03 reared and described the nymphs of Habro- phlebia americana Banks, (which nymph is not a Habrophlebia but a typical Leptophlebia), Blasturus cupidus Say, and Calli- baetis ferruginea Walsh. A note on the nymphs of the genus Tricorythus was published by Cockerell and Gill ’06f. The largest number of life-histories of Eastern North American forms has been written by Professor James G. Needham in Bulletins 47, 68, and 86 of the New York State Museum, and includes the following species: Bull. 47. Bull. 86. é Heptagenia pulchella Walsh. Chirotonetes albomanicatus Needham- Baetis pygmea Hagen. Ameletus ludens Needham. Siphlurus alternatus Say. Choroterpes basalis Banks. Caenis diminuta Walker. Baetis pygmea Hagen. Hexagenia variabilis Eaton. Callibaetis skokiana Needham. Ephemera varia Eaton. Ephemerella bispina Needham. Bull. 124. Caenis allecta Needham. Ephemerella dorothea Needham. Leptophlebia praepedita Eaton. Potamanthus diaphanus Needham. Heptagenia interpunctata Say. Ecdyurus maculipennis Walsh. By Mr. W. E. Howard. Polymitarcys albus Say. With the exception of Callibaetis skokiana, Ephemerella bispina, Ephemerella dorothea, and Potamanthus diaphanus, all of these species have been taken in or near Fall Creek. For some of these further biological data have been secured. In addition to them eight species have been bred which it is believed have not been before recorded. These are all from Fall Creek with the exception of one, Ephemerella cornuta, reared for me by Miss Lucy W. Smith at Salisbury, Connecticut, and here included in the Ephemerella group. The life-histories which are given are those of Iron fragilis, sp. nov., Epeorus humeralis, sp. nov., Ephemerella rotunda, sp. nov., E. tuber- culata, sp. nov., E. cornuta, sp. nov., E. deficiens, sp. nov., E. plumosa, sp. nov., and E. spinosa, sp. nov. The descrip- tion of the female imago has been added to Prof. Needham’s life-history of Ameletus ludens, and the Caenis allecta which he placed provisionally in that genus has on rearing been estab- lished in Tricorythus. { Berry, Edward. New or Hitherto Unknown Ephemerid Nymphs of the Eastern U.S. Am. Natural. Vol. XX XVII, pp. 25-31. 1908. : _ Cockerell, T. D. A., and Marie Gill. Tricorythus, a Genus of May-flies. Univ. of Colo. Studies, Vol. III. No. 3, 1906. 1911] May-Flies of Fall Creek, N. Y. to) Or PHYSICAL FEATURES OF FALL CREEK. The vicinity of Ithaca consists of two highlands between which lies the basin of Cayuga Lake. The west highland known locally as West Hill is a long regular slope, while East Hill upon a terrace of which Cornell University stands, is fur- rowed with gorges made by streams flowing downward to the lake. On the gradual incline of the Eastern highland these streams flow along as quiet meadow brooks, or broadening out over stony beds are caught in a maze of ripply shallows, but on reaching the steep terraces of the highland they plunge down- ward through the narrow gorges by a succession of cascades till they come to the plain below. ‘These streams coming far from their source and fed by many tributary waters are flooded and turbulent in the spring, but gradually dwindle to mere brooklets with trickling falls during the mid and late summer, when the tributaries fail of their supply. Few of the main streams become wholly dry. In March and April rich flora and fauna spring from their banks and waters, while through the dry season they supply enough water for the maintenance of life and the reproduction of another generation. Fall Creek, which bounds the Cornell Campus on the north, is a type of these streams. About one mile east of the campus Fall Creek flows over a broad nearly level bed thickly strewn with flat stones and rocks which project from the water except at periods when the stream is swollen. On one side the creek is bordered by a soft sandy shore, on the other by a shelving ledge. Beyond this point, where the ledge gives place to soft drift, there is a series of permanent pools which mark the entrance of a small tributary spring. A cross section of this upper portion of the stream represents a variety of situations great enough to shelter widely different types of May-fly nymphs. Clinging to the surfaces of the stones in the mid current are the flat nymphs of Epeorus, Iron, Ecdyurus and Heptagenia; clambering in the trash which has collected between the stones are the nymphs of Ephemerella; on the sheltered surfaces or in the quiet border waters are Hep- tagenias about to transform in company with Leptophlebia, Siphlurus, and Ameletus; hidden in the sandy sweeps are Caenis and Tricorythus and burrowing in the soft muck banks are Hexagenia and Ephemera. Changing from this gradual descent 96 Annals Entomological Society of America {Vol. IV, Fall Creek cuts downward through a narrow gorge, widens into the artificial pond known as Beebe Lake, hurries through a _deep gorge and over a series of falls, cascades and riffles to the marsh below. This lower creek is inhabited by those true dwellers of the rapids, Chirotonetes albomanicatus and Baetis pygmea. To the north of the lower portion of Fall Creek a small streamlet known as Pleasant Brook follows a parallel course to the lowlands. Its pools and cascades shelter a fauna similar to that of Fall Creek if somewhat less rich. This brook possesses the advantage of small size which makes its study easy. Devoid of tributaries to flood it in time of rain, and shut in by shrubbery, this stream furnished a safe place for the rearing cages of. nymphs which were captured in Fall Creek. METHODS OF REARING AND COLLECTING. Rearing and collecting were begun on April 1, and continued to August, 1, after which only irregular collecting trips were made to the Creek. The only satisfactory method of rearing May-flies is one which keeps them in their own environment or in conditions closely imitating it. For this purpose Prof. Needham used a cylindrical cage made of wire cloth with a cheese-cloth cover. Such cages are the most convenient for carrying in a knapsack and many May-flies have been success- fully reared in them. The space within them, however, is small and all surfaces are perpendicular to the water. If the imago becomes entangled, or if it is not strong enough to keep its footing on the upright surface it falls back into the water and drowns, or at least will never be able to transform. When two or three insects are in the same cage, particularly 1f the cage is in a strong light, there is danger of one or all falling into the water. For these reasons I have designed another cage, which though less conveniently carried about, has the merit of being more roomy and of supplying one slanting surface. This cage may be made of fine copper or galvanized wire cloth. A stiff cloth which will not bend easily will make the best cage. The cages which I used in Fall Creek were about five inches square on the bottom and five inches in height. Such a cage is easily cut and folded from a single piece of wire cloth. In the dia- gram shown in Fig. 2, the continuous heavy lines represent the cut edges, the lighter lines the folded edges of the laps, and the 1911] May-Flies of Fall Creek, N. Y. 97 dotted lines the angles of the bottom, back, sides, front and cover. The laps on the sides should be folded over the cut edges of the bottom and the front and then securely fastened with solder. The cover may then be pushed down and secured by a wire catch or by a rubber band placed about the cage. When in use a stone should be placed in the bottom of the cage. This will serve the double purpose of keeping the cage upright and of providing a foot hold for the nymphs enclosed within it. In Fig. 1 the completed cage is shown inserted in the water. A represents the stone placed in the cage. Fig. 1. Cage for rearing May flies, showing position in the water. Fig. 2. Diagram to show construction of cage. It is best not to insert the cage much more than two inches in the water except where a lowering in the stream is expected. Nymphs confined in this cage will naturally crawl up the slop- ing side for emergence and the sub-imagoes will find an easy grade on which to walk up to the light. The sub-imagoes will sit on the under side of the cover, but if it be lifted with some care the insects may be safely transferred from the cage to the collecting box. OSs, Annals Entomological Society of America [Vol. IV, Many times nymphs are collected for rearing in places not often visited. Such nymphs may be transported alive in jars of their native water with plants or stones to furnish forage and foot-hold. Fragile forms like Epeorus and Heptagenia may be better carried in a can of cotton or sphagnum thoroughly sat- urated with water. The nymphs should be carefully placed on the surface with a thin, very wet layer above them. If carried in this way they will arrive at their destination in much more perfect condition than if jostled about in a can of water. Ifa running water aquarium, or better, a convenient small stream is not available, the nymphs brought home for rearing may be placed in flower-pot saucers in which rapid evaporation will keep the water sweet. Small stones projecting from the water should be provided for emerging places. A cylinder of wire cloth with cheese-cloth top may be slipped over the dish so that the sub-imago may be easily caught. In large aquaria where several kinds of insects are kept, care should be taken to exclude carnivorous beetles, and dragon-fly and damsel-fly nymphs for which May-flies are choice food. May-fly nymphs are mostly herbivorous and need only a supply of diatom-covered stones for forage and some aquatic plants like Chara or Nitella upon which they may depend for foot-hold and hiding. Needless to say the temperature of such an aquarium should be kept as nearly as possible to that of the streams. Of the nymphs which I have endeavored to keep in the aquarium of Cornell University, Blasturus cupidus, Callibaetis fluctuans, and Siphlurus alternatus proved most hardy. These lived from one to four weeks in rather adverse conditions, the water in the aquarium having been treated with aluminum sulphate for drinking purposes. ECOLOGY AND DESCRIPTIONS. The May-flies found during the past summer in or very near the Creek will be grouped under the three family heads given by Prof. Needham in Bull. 86. Notes and description of new Species are given under their respective headings. EPHEMERINAE. Polymitarcys albus Say. Two sub-imagoes were captured near night-fall on June 20. 1911] May-Flies of Fall Creek, N. Y. 99 Potamanthus sp. Only two partly grown nymphs of this form were found. Both were taken on June 29 in sandy mud washed by a gentle current. Hexagenia variabilis Eaton. Full grown nymphs of Hexagenia variabilis Eaton the largest of our burrowing May-flies, were found abundantly on the sunny afternoon of May 16 in company with Ephe- merella and the large dragon-fly Cordulegaster. At the place where they were Fall Creek is a leisurely brook meandering through sparse woodland and open meadow, and hemmed in by soft muck banks. In one such area the sloping banks were mined by Hexagenia nymphs, the open burrows showing only two or three inches apart. Most of the burrows were apparent by their round open- ings, but from some hairy caudal setae protruded at full length. When a nymph was pulled out it speedily began to burrow again, placing the forelegs together with the blade-like tarsi held vertically. It next pressed them forward and outward at the same time wedging the head between them in the cavity thus made. This movement was followed by a sudden lurch of the body forward accompanied by wriggling of the abdomen. During these motions the second pair of legs was folded close up to the body, while the third pair was held outstretched ready to brace against the mud. These motions rapidly - repeated enabled the nymph to bury itself in a surprisingly short time. Some of the soft ooze taken from where the bur- rows were most numerous was later examined in the laboratory and found to be packed with diatoms. Stomachs of two of the nymphs were found full of silt and diatoms showing that the nymphs had found plentiful forage as they burrowed. Between two and five o'clock of this afternoon about twenty-five sub- imagoes emerged within a few yards distance. They flew up slowly and usually settled on low shrubs. Many were cap- tured on near-by alders two to five feet from the ground where the yellow markings on their bodies and wings made them conspicuous. 100 Annals Entomological Society of America [Vol. IV, Ephemera simulans Walker. No representatives of this genus were collected previous to June 14 when a female specimen was captured at large near upper Fall Creek. From June 23 to 30 full grown nymphs were found about two inches below the surface in a muddy basin connected with the main stream. Near this place a swarm of Ephemera consisting of three to four hundred indi- viduals was dancing about fourteen feet in air at half past seven o'clock in the evening of June 29th. Their steady rising and falling continued over the same area as long as the light kept them visible. One female captured from the swarm was placed on the surface of water in the laboratory. She was unable to fly and lay prone upon the surface. Immediately the last four segments of the abdomen began to move spas- modically and eggs poured forth from the oviducts. At the end of one minute the abdomen was empty, and the glass spread with a single layer of white, firmly adherent eggs, easily distinguished with the naked eye. No Ephemera nymphs were found in the lower Creek up to this time, that cleaner portion being nearly devoid of mud. On the first of July, however, the water in Beebe Lake was allowed to run off, bringing into the Lower Creek large quanti- ties of mud. Three days later the shores below the dam were again examined. Tracks similar to those made by earth-worms covered the bottom near the shore-line. Nymphs were crawl- ing over the surface and setae could be seen projecting from many burrows. From an area of about ten square feet thirty nymphs were removed. HEPTAGENINAE. Represented entirely by dwellers in rapid water, this family is the dominant one in number, and the most homogeneous in nymphal form. It is represented here by four of its six North American genera Heptagenia, Epeorus, Ecdyurus, and Iron, given in order of their relative abundance. As a family the Heptageninae has taken possession of the rapid, thoroughly oxygenated water and the alga-covered stones of the middle stream, apparently coming into the calmer waters only at transformation time. In order to secure and keep this posi- tion against the mechanical force of the water acting upon them 1911] May-Flies of Fall Creek, N. Y. 101 all alike, they have been forced into a series of similar adapta- tions. The principle feature of these adaptations are: a gen- erally depressed body; dorsally placed eyes and flaring margins to the head; spreading legs with flattened femora and lateral pectinations on the claws; a series of over-lapping gill lamellae, and flat widely diverging caudal setae. Heptagenia interpunctata Say. Five species of the genus Heptagenia were collected and reared during the summer, but only the very common H. inter- punctata will be listed until further work can be done upon them. H. interpunctata was common from April 30, when I found nearly grown nymphs beneath the flat stones in a trib- utary of the creek up to August 1, after which little collecting was done. During this time many emergings were observed, the greater number occurring between two and five o’clock in the afternoon. Ecdyurus maculipennis Walsh. Associated with Heptagenia and Epeorus, but with a pref- erence for more gently flowing water, Ecdyurus maculipennis is a frequent dweller in the quieter border water of swift cur- rents. My first collections are dated June 3. From this date till July 25 it was a common associate of Heptagenia and Epeorus,slightly smaller and a swifter runner than either of them. It also bears transportation and change of water with greater hardiness. Iron fragilis. The nymph of this species was described by Prof. Needham in 1905. In addition to this description there have been but two records of this genus in North America, Iron nitidus,* Oreg. Cal. and I. longimanus,f Colorado. The first nymphs of this species collected during the summer were found on May 9, in Coy Glen, the stream from which Prof. Needham’s speci- mens were taken. Here thick growths of Cladophora and diatoms support an abundant May-fly population. The nymphs live in the swiftest water, on the under side of the stones, in the falls, or on the smooth rock floor. A census of the inhab- * Tron nitidus Eaton. Rev. Monog. 246, 1885. Oreg. Cal. Banks, Cat. Neur. Insects. Am. Ent. Soc. ’07. { I. longimanus, Eaton, Ent. Mo. Mag. XVIII, 26, 1881. Rev. Monog. 245, 1885. 102 Annals Entomological Society of America [Vol. VI, itants of twenty stones measuring about seven by eleven inches. revealed the following inhabitants listed in the order of abun- dance, Simulium, Blepharocera, May-flies (Epeorus, Iron. Baetis), Stone-flies and Parnidae. In competition with such structures as the sucking disks of Blepharocera and the limpet. like form of the water-penny (Parnidae), Iron has developed a successful hold fast of its own. The first pair of gill lamellae are very large and scoop shaped with their hinder edges over- lapping the succeeding lamellae, and their front edges meeting beneath the posterior portion of the thorax. The lamellae diminish in width posteriorly and the last pair are incurved beneath the abdomen. The edges of the lamellae have a thiek- ened border and when closely pressed to the supporting surface a successful holdfast is formed. This is one of three closely allied genera, Epeorus, Iron, and Rhithrogena, which represent remarkable modifications for life in rushing water. All three possess closely overlapping gill lamellae and but two caudal setae. The main differences are in the shape of the ventral abdominal disk which in Epeorus is incomplete, the first and last pairs of lamellae being distant; in Iron nearly complete, the first and last pairs of lamellae nearly meeting; in Rhithrogena the disk is completed by the perfect apposition of these lamellae. The mouth-parts (Pl. X, fig. 1) are completely hidden from above by the flaring margin of the head with its bordering fringe of soft hairs. Viewed from beneath the small labrum (PI. X, fig. Ir) may be seen curving downward and backward over the tips of the mandibles and maxillae (md. a. and mx. a) to meet the median flaps of the broad labium (1. 1. e.) The labium is flat and its outer surface (1) fits close down to the surface upon which the insect is foraging. Along the anterior margin of the outer surface of the labial palp is a series of incurving hairs. (1. 1. a.), behind these a set of overlapping plates, and still farther backward a single strongly chitinized scraper, (I. c.) On the inner surface of the palp is a semi-circular patch of inwardly directed hairs (1. b.) Closely apposed to the inner surface of the labium is the outer surface of the hypopharynx (fig. 1 hy), made up of two lateral, and one median portion, distinct, except at their bases. The separation of the two lateral portions from the median portion leaves a gutter-like trough between them on the inner side. The labial palpi are freely movable horizontally. They are moved outward, then 1911] May-Flies of Fall Creek, N. Y. 103 pressed slightly downward and inward when feeding. Some- times the labial palp is slipped between the median (fig. 1, 1. e.) and the lateral flaps (fig. 1, 1. d.), sometimes over the inner sides of both. In the first case the plates on the outer sides of the palp are brushed by the hairs on the inner side of the median flap while the semi-circular patch of hairs (1. b.) on the inner side of the palp is brushed by those on the outer side of the lateral palp. In the second and more frequent case the outer side of the palp is brushed by both flaps and the semi-circular patch of hairs fits into the chitinized gutter on the adjacent surface of the hypopharynx (hy. a.) Directly above the median por- tion of the hypopharynx are the grinding surfaces of the maxillae (mx. b.) with those of the mandibles (md. b.) directly above them. Food scraped inward by the labial palps is evidently deposited beneath the hypopharynx. From here it is probably sucked up into the mouth cavity through the slits between the median and lateral folds. The maxillary palps act in a manner similar to those of the labium, but because of their position above the hypopharynx, they must be able to place the food directly in the mouth cavity. The inwardly curving hairs on the lateral borders of the labrum help to keep the food in the’ mouth while it is being chewed up. The foregoing observations were made by placing a nymph in a shallow dish of water, throwing a strong light upon it and studying it with a binocular microscope. The nymph was uneasy in this unnatural position and kept its mouth parts continually moving. Nymphs may be studied under more natural conditions if they are placed in a glass-bottomed box with a small amount of forage. The box may be placed upon some support which will elevate it above the table. The bot- tom may then be tilted at any easy angle and the nymphs studied with a hand lens from beneath. Occurrence, habitat. The dates on which nymphs or ima- goes were collected range from May 1 to June 15. These nymphs were all taken in cool, shaded waters and were most abundant during the early part of the season. The data for those reared in cages is as follows: 1 male emerged May 11, a. m., transformed May 13, a.m. Coy Glen. 1 male emerged May 12, a. m., transformed May 14, a. m., Pleasant Brook. 3 females emerged May 30, p. m., transformed June 1, p. m. Pleasant Brook. 1 female, 1 male emerged June 10, a. m., transformed June 12, M. Fall Creek. 104 Annals Entomological Society of America [Vol. IV, Between the hours of two and four of June 15 about twenty emergings were witnessed from one view-point in a narrow swift portion of Coy Glen Brook. The nymphs popped from the surface of the water and flew unsteadily upward in the sunlight for about 20 or 30 feet when they veered into the tree tops or settled on the side of the gorge. Iron fragilis sp. nov. Measurements. Length of body Length of setae Length of Wing Male imago y fk st eg t= 24 in ans 7 ana Male subimago 6.5 m. m. 14m. m. Female imago 7m. m, 15 m. m, Female subimago 6.05 m. m. 14 m. m. Male imago. (Plate X, figs. 2, 3 and.4). (In alcohol). Body extremely delicate and fragile. General Hue dull yellowish white, appearing hyaline in segments 2-7 of the abdomen. Eyes, conspicuous, grayish. Head, parchment color with the eyes gray, darker below; antennae, light brown except for white basal segment; ocelli, ringed with conspicuous, broad band of dark brown. ‘Thorax, yellowish shading brownish above, pale below. Pronotum deeply notched behind. The lateral lobes of the pronotum and the median portion of the meso- thorax shaded brown. A sub-triangular area of brown on either side of the median posterior elevations of mesothorax and metathorax. Legs, dull yellowish, the femora with a conspicuous dark brown spot at the middle. Tarsi with joinings and claws brown. Forelegs (Pl. X, fig. 3) longer than the body, its tarsal claws identical with those of the other two. Wings, (Pl. X, fig. 2) hyaline, sub-hyaline near the tip in costal and sub-costal regions. Abdomen. Tergites 1-9 with their posterior borders delicately shaded by transverse bands of brown growing more distinct posteriorly. Sternites, pale. Forceps pale, broad at the base and conspicuous (Pl. X, fig. 4). Setae 2, pale slightly brownish at the base. Male sub-imago. The sub-imago differs most markedly from the imago in the following respects. The forelegs and setae are shorter, the forceps less conspicuous, and the wings are of the usual grayish sub-hyaline appearance. Head with occiput brownish. Bands of ocelli less prominent than in the imago. Thorax, brown, prominent ridges of mesothorax and metathorax shaded with brown, but without definite sub-trangular markings. Pleurae and sternum with ridges shaded brown. Coxae suffused with brown. Abdomen with tergites 1-10 suffused with brown, the transverse band of brown more distinct than in the imago. An irregularly shaped patch of white in the center of each segment near the pleura. The posterior lateral angles of the tergites whitish. : Female imago. Body heavier than that of the male, all over dull yellowish color; legs of nearly equal length; setae 2. Head with eyes 1911] May-Flies of Fall Creek, N. Y. 105 distant and dark grayish, a whitish area of the head showing between them. Thorax, with the pronotum distinctly lined with brown. Sub- triangular areas on mesothorax and metathorax present but less dis- tinct than in the male. Abdomen with tergites shaded with brownish, a distinct transverse band of brown near the posterior border. Sternite 7 produced backward in a rounded lobe whose posterior edge touches that of sternite 8. Sternite 9 produced backward in a lobe with a shal- low median indentation on its posterior margin. Female sub-imago. General color much darker than the male Lard imago. Thorax shaded all over with brown. Sternite 7 produced backward only half the length of sternite 8. The prolongation of ster- nite 9 much less pronounced and its posterior margin barely indented. Epeorus humeralis. (Pl. IX, fig. 1, 2, 7.) The genus Epeorus is represented in Fall Creek by this single species. It is closely allied to Iron but differs from it in the greater distance between the lamellae of the first and last pairs of gills. These nymphs are much larger than those of Iron fragilis, but are harder to transport because of the extreme brittleness of the bases of the lamellae. Occurrence, habitat. Full grown nymphs and imagoes were taken at various dates from May 25 to July 15. This species is very common in the swift waters associated with Heptagenia and Baetis. Epeorus humeralis sp. nov. Measurements. Length of body , Length of setae Antennae Male imago pep (0 baciatagy AN ota. m1. Male subimago OS are ES eee Female imago Oe , 13 “ Female subimago LOS iI a aa Nymph a Ts fy 9. ila! 2b ihe Ta Male imago. (Pl. IX, fig. 2,7). (Live specimen). General color dull yellowish, becoming sub-hyaline on segments 2-5 of the abdomen. Conspicuous dark brown spots at middle of femora in all winged stages, larger than those in Iron fragilis; the body less fragile than that of the preceding species; the humeral cross vein blackish; the foreleg about three quarters the length of the body. Head, yellowish white; eyes conspicuous olive green, intersected in the lower portion by a brown band, ventral edge margined by a narrow black band border behind, this in turn by a white band of the same proportions; antennae brown, a brown ridge extending from their basal segments to the inner margins of the eyes; carina-on middle of front brown; ocelli ringed with olive. Thorax, above yellowish white, translucent; pronotum partially hidden by the eyes, its lateral lobes shaded with dark brown; mesonotum buffy with edges brown and elevations lighter; scutellum fuscous. 106 Annals Entomological Society of America [Vol. IV, Below, pale whitish yellow, mesonotum margined at the apex with a transverse band of brown. Pleurae and coxal areas pale with irregular shadings of dark brown. Legs whitish; coxae with dark brown spot; femora with conspicuous brown spot and a brownish band just before the apex; more distinct on the anterior legs; tarsi with flap and claw similar to that of Iron fragilis (Pl. X, fig. 3) and identical in all three legs. Wings hyaline with the humeral cross vein blackish brown (in all adult stages). Abdomen, pale whitish, translucent on segments 2-5. Tergites with distinct transverse brown pencilings on their posterior borders and a median broken line of brown more distinct on the posterior portions of the tergites. Sternites pale without markings. Forceps pale, (Pl. IX, fig. 2). Setae whitish. Female sub-imago. General color of the body slightly darker than that of the imago. Abdomen darker, less translucent. Wings grayish, sub-hyaline. Thorax with markings less sharply defined and general color darker than that of the imago. Abdomen with the tergites suf- fused with brownish. Female imago. (Live specimen). Forelegs shorter than those of the male. In specimens containing eggs the abdomen is a bright salmon pink, which does not fade readily in alcohol. Head, with eyes similar to those of the male, but smaller and distant being separated by a broad unmarked portion of the occiput. The dark bands of the ocelli are in- complete and a trifle narrower than those of the male. Thorax, with the pronotum exposed showing the prominent median indentation of its posterior margin; an area on either side the median line with a longitudi- nal blotch of brown. Abdomen with the tergites slightly darker brown than in the male. Sternite 7 prolonged two thirds the length of sternite 8. Sternite 9 slightly shorter and but shallowly notched on its posterior border. Nymph. (Pl. 1X, fig. 1). Body depressed, widest across the meso- thorax gradually tapering to the last abdominal segment. Nymph larger and broader than Iron fragilis with its lamellae flaring; the lamel- lae of the first and last pairs of gills distant from one another and the tracheation of the lamellae conspicuous. Posterior lateral angles of the abdominal segments produced into backwardly directed spines which guard the bases of the lamellae (Pl. IX, fig. 1). Color, olive-greenish blotched and shaded with brown, pale below. Head with eyes and ocelli prominent, the latter with dark lunate bands on their inner margins. Antennae slender and bare. Lateral margins of the prothorax rounded anteriorly, and flaring. Legs flattened with a row of rather long soft hairs on the posterior margins of the femora and tibiae. General shape conical, rounded above, slightly flattened below. Gill lamellae obliquely reclinate with fasciculate filaments on the dorsal side of their bases. Setae 2, about as long as the body. BAETINAE. This heterogenous group was represented in the summer’s collecting by Blasturus cupidus, Leptophlebia praepedita, Leptophlebia mollis, Choroterpes basilis, Callibaetis fluctuans, 1911] May-Flies of Fall Creek, N. Y. 107 Ephemerella excrucians, Caenis hilaris, Siphlurus alternatus, Chirotonetes albomanicatus, Ameletus ludens, Tricorythus allectus, Ephemerella rotunda, sp. nov., E. tuberculata, sp. nov., E. cornuta, sp. nov., E. deficiens, sp. nov., E. plumosa, sp. nov., and E. spinosa, sp. nov. All of these were taken in Fall Creek except the before mentioned E. cornuta. The descriptions of these species of Ephemerella is here given together with that of the female imago which has been added to Prof. Needham’s life-history of Ameletus ludens. Tricory- thus allectus, which was placed in that genus by Prof. Cockerell has been established there by several rearings. Blasturus cupidus Say. From April 20 to May 1 this species was the dominant May- fly of the quiet pools. On April 30 observations were made in a sheltered pool, tributary to Fall Creek. This pool was about fourteen feet long by five feet wide, carpeted with decaying leaves, and bordered on one side by a thick mat of spirogyra. Between 11:30 and 12:30 o’clock in the bright sunlight, about forty nymphs emerged and the sub-imagoes were captured. A few records of individual emergings were taken of which the following is typical. A nymph appeared from beneath some leaves, came close to the surface of the water and swam about there till a stick was found which projected out of it. It imme- diately clambered up the stick, thrust its head out into the air and rested there with its gills motionless, but apparently swal- lowed large gulps of air. Very soon a median split appeared in the mesothorax, widened toward the prothorax and then to . the metathorax. The head and eyes of the sub-imago appeared, the mesothorax, then the metathorax, and finally by a sus- stained pull, terminating in a jerk, the wings were extricated from the wing pads and erected. Apparently exhausted by this effort the insect then paused with the posterior portion of the abdomen and the setae still lying loosely in the cast skin. By another jerk the body was wholly freed from the skin. The insect rested an instant upon the water’s surface with its setae held widely divergent and upward, in their natural alert post- tion. Immediately after this it fluttered upward and settled on a low shrub. The entire time from the appearance of the nymph to the completion of its emerging was ten minutes. Of this period, one minute was occupied in swimming, one in taking in air, and three minutes occurred between the appearance of 108 Annals Entomological Society of America [Vol. IV, the median slit in the nymphal skin and the complete freeing of the sub-imago. After its first short flight the insect remained on the shrub for about five minutes before disappearing higher up in the air. This custom of resting upon near-by objects is a habit varying with the species and apparently also with weather conditions. For example, sub-imagoes of Chirotonetes albo-. manicatus which usually fly upward immediately on emerging in clear weather walk about for a while on the shore, or take very short first flights on dark days. The period of greatest effort during emergence is that which precedes the splitting of the nymphal skin. The splitting is doubtless urged on by the distention of the alimentary canal which is caused by the air or water which has been swallowed. Mating flights of Blasturus cupidus were observed over Fall Creek in the late afternoon of April 31, the height of their transformation season. About thirty individuals flying in close ranks rose and fell at varying altitudes of ten to thirty feet. When at their greatest height they were scarcely dis- tinguishable against the sky, but when they were lowest the forelegs and the setae might be discerned. The forelegs were held stiffly, straight forward from the head, and the setae, projected at a wide angle behind, appearing to vibrate as the insects swung downward. After a few moments of ecstatic rising and falling, one of the individuals flying high in the swarm descended to one of the lowest, coupled with it and veered obliquely downward and across the stream. When about to alight on the opposite shore the two separated, one disappeared and the other turned back and flew close to the surface of the stream frequently brushing the water with the abdomen. Such matings were three times observed. At- tempts to capture a fertilized female failed. The eggs brushed from the abdomen into the rapidly running water were, of course, impossible to find. Leptophlebia. Occurrence, habitat. Nymphs of this genus were found ina greater variety of situations than any other group. While _ it is for the most part a genus which belongs to the small rills it also takes advantage of the secluded places in the larger streams. Two species were common in this locality. These were Leptophlebia mollis, common after May 20, and L. prae- pedita, collected frequently after May. 29. 1911] May-Flies of Fall Creek, N. Y. 109 Leptophlebia praepedita Etn. This species has already been noted by Prof. Needham (Bull. 86, N. Y., State Mus.) This species is diurnal. Companies of them were seen dancing in bright sunlight on the afternoon of May 29, June 3, 20 and 21. A mating flight on May 29 occurred about five o’clock just above a dashing water-fall of Fall Creek. As the swarm rose and fell at alternate heights of ten to fifteen feet their silvery wings and bodies shone in the sunshine like falling snow-flakes. After half an hour of con- tinuous flying and soaring the swarm gradually disappeared. Of the specimens captured all were males. Earlier in the after- noon a similar but smaller swarm was seen flying above a small tributary rill. This swarm did not at any time fly higher than six feet above the water. Practically the whole swarm was captured at one sweep of a large net. Of the captured insects forty were males and one was a female. Choroterpes basalis Banks. This species is plentifully represented in the Creek. The nymph is described in Bull. 86 of the N: Y. State Museum. Little attention was given to this species beyond the collection of nymphs which were constantly associated with Heptagenia. Ephemerella. This genus is nearly as diversified in habit as Leptophlebia. The nymphs have been found in pipe drains, in the gravel and trash of still pools, beneath leaves in springs, in the border waters of the creek and in its swiftest ripples. Like Lepto- phlebia they have been found in rather small numbers and widely scattered. My dates for rearings and captures range from the second week in May to the last of July. Better results would have been obtained if attention had been paid to this group earlier in the season for some species were very rarely found by May 10th. Ephemerella serrata sp. nov. Occurrence, habitat. The small nymph of this species was found occasionally in restricted areas of the upper Creek where it crawled about on stones, or in the trash, which was washed by running water. It was found in similar situations at Shef- field, Mass. My reared specimens of this species are dated 110 Annals Entomological Society of America [Vol. IV, June 38rd. Collections of the nymphs were made June 12, 14, and July 1. By July the nymphs were becoming scarce. several cast skins were found on the dry stones of the shore, after the last date, but no nymphs were seen. Measurements. Length of body Length of setae Male 5 msm. 6 m. m. Female imago 4.5m. m. Nymph 5 ns. 1.2m. m. Male imago. General color brown, paler on the legs and below. Head, above, eyes very prominent, upper division reddish brown, lower one darker. Front of head light, antennae light brownish; ocelli white, the lateral ones with an inner lunate band of brown, the median one with a complete ring of brown. Thorax, above yellowish shaded with brown; mesonotum with its posterior margin edged with brown. Ridges of the pleurae shaded with brown. Sternae pale with sub-quadrangular areas of brown before the middle legs and a median shield of brown be- hind them. Legs pale with a transverse band of brown at the distal end of the femora; first tarsus of the foreleg but slightly longer than the second; the third twice as long as the fourth. Wings hyaline, brownish at the base. Abdomen, brownish above, pale below. Setae 3, pale, the joinings of the basal segments ringed with brown. Female imago. Eyes small and distant showing the light colored occiput between. Body more robust and abdomen slightly darker than that of the male. Foreleg twice as long as that of the male. Nymph. Small with head and thorax rounded and the setae curv- ing forward over the abdomen. General color a muddy yellow with darker markings on the dorsal side, pale below. This species is easily distinguished from Ephemerella deficiens by its double median row of spines on tergites 4-7 and by its generally lighter color. Head smooth, (Pl. VI, fig. 5); antennae light brownish, first and second basal segments edged with brown. Thorax, prothorax with a tubercle like elevation on either side the median line. Legs (Pl. VII, fig. 2) with the femora rather stout and their hinder margins bordered with a row of stout hairs sparsely distributed. Claws serrate (Pl. VII, fig. 2) with a chitinous ridged plate on the underside of the tarsus (Pl. VII, fig. 2). . Abdomen, above, segments 5-6 pale marked with brown pencilings, other segments brown with darker edges. A double row of irregularly triply dentate spines extending over segments 4, 5,6 and 7. The lateral margins of segments 4-9 spinose with their posterior lateral angles becoming more acuminate posteriorly. Gills present on segments 3-7; Elytroid lamella absent; the superior lamella simple; the inferior fimbriate lamelliform. Abdo- men, beneath, pale with a median row of distinct linear brown spots on sternites 1-9. Setae, 3, sparsely beset with coarse hairs; color, pale with a transverse band of brown across the center. , 1911] May- Flies of Fall Creek; N: -Y. 111 Ephemerella deficiens, sp. nov. Occurrence, habitat. Of similar habitat and closely asso- ciated with Ephemerella serrata in rapid waters, this species is the more common of the two and was collected frequently during the first half of May. It closely resembles E. serrata in shape and size, but the whole body is blackish while the gill lamellae, the legs, and the setae are nearly white. Measurements. Length of body Length of setae Male imago 5 yay ee nade Setae lost Nymph Speers aate 2. qale an Male imago. General color blackish, thorax blackish brown. Head, eyes prominent, upper division reddish brown, lower division blackish brown (living specimen); ocelli white; antennae, carina and rings of ocelli brown. Thorax, above, pronotum brown; the mesothorax and metathorax blackish brown with blackish edges; pleurae brown with edges blackish; sternum brown with a broad transverse band of yellow behind the first pair of legs. Legs nearly white; coxae and an indefinite band at distal end of the femur brown. Wings hyaline shaded with brown at the base. Abdominal segments shaded with brown giving the effect of annular bands dark on the dorsum, paler beneath. Setae 3, pale at the base. (Only the bases of the setae remained when the specimen was taken from the cage). Forceps and penes are figured in Pl. IV, fig. 4. Nymph (Pl. VI, fig. 4, Pl. VII, fig. 4, Pl. VIII, fig. 4). Color black- ish brown, femora brown, gills, tibiae and tarsi whitish. Body broadest at the metathorax, the thorax arched, the abdomen slightly depressed and curving upward at the posterior end. Setae held upright or curved over the abdomen. Head, bluntly wedged shaped; ocelli inconspicuous whitish; antennae pale with a band of brown just above the basal seg- ment. The maxillae with their palpi totally absent (PI. VIII, fig. 4). Thorax, above blackish brown, the prothorax bordered laterally by a pale longitudinal band with a brown spot at its center; the prothorax and mesothorax with a longitudinal stripe of pale yellowish on either side the median line. Legs (PI. VII, fig. 4) with the coxae and femora brown, the under side of the latter with a distinct hook shaped area of whitish. Tibia and tarsi pale whitish, the first two pairs of tibiae with a broad middle and a narrow proximal band of brown; the tarsi of all the legs with a middle band of brown and with the claws similar (PI. VII, fig. 4). Abdomen above dark blackish brown. The posterior lateral angles of segments 9-10 pale whitish; the lateral margins of seg- ments 1-9 spinose serrate with their posterior lateral angles produced into flat spines which become more acuminate posteriorly; segment 10 without spines and with its posterior margin truncated. Gills present on segments 3-7; Elytroid cover absent; gill lamellae whitish shaded with brown at the base, superior lamina entire, the inferior one bifed. PP Annals Entomological Society of America [Vol. IV, Abdomen, beneath, brown without markings. Setae 3, with a circlet of spines at their joinings. A broad band of brown across the two outer ones. Ephemerella lata, sp. nov. Occurrence, habitat. ‘This species was first taken in Sandy River, Me., a stream similar to Fall Creek, where it was very common. Attempts to rear these nymphs were unsuccessful in both Sandy River and Fall Creek therefore a description of the nymph only can be here included. It occurs in the most rapid water of the stream crawling on the stones much like Heptagenia. My dates for its capture in Fall Creek are June 20 and 24. It is apparently a rare species in the stream. Measurement.—Nymph. Length of body 7.2 m.m. Length of setae 3.5 m.m. Nymph (PI. VI, fig. 6; Pl. VII, fig. 1). General color brown with the prothorax and the eighth tergite conspicuously white. The fore femora very stout (Pl. VI, fig. 6) and edged with stout spines. Body arched above. The ventral side of the body and the legs flattened and modified for clinging to smooth surfaces. Head, sub-quadrangular with the broad truncate ledge projecting forward above the rounded heavily fringed frontal border (Pl. VI, fig. 6). Antennae with a conspicuous triangular ledge projecting above their bases. (Mouth-parts are figured on Pl. VIII, fig. 1). Thorax, prothorax two-thirds as long as the thorax, conspicuously whitish but with the posterior portion shaded brownish, the degree varying in different ages and. individuals; mesothorax with- out markings; metathorax concealed from above. Sternum flattened, brown with pale suture lines. Legs (Pl. VII, fig. 1) with the femora pale marked by a pale transverse band; tibiae brown with two pale transverse bands. Abdomen, rounded above, flattened below. Gills on segments 3-8. Elytroid cover absent. Segments 4-9 with their pos- terior lateral angles produced backward into flat spines; segments 5-8 with their lateral margins spinose serrate; segments 4-7 with a double median row of small tubercles which arise near the posterior border. Sternite 9 produced backward into a median rounded lobe and two lateral flat spines. Setae 3, light brownish ringed at their basal joinings with darker brown. Ephemerella tuberculata, sp. nov. Occurrence, habitat. But a single specimen of this species has been taken. This was a nymph captured on June 22 in the gently flowing border water of the upper Creek. Nymph, measurements. Length of body, 10.5 m. m.; length of setae, 4.9 m. m. Body stout arched above, flattened below. Color above dark, below pale, with a median double row of distinct brown spots. Fore- femora very wide (Pl. VII, fig. 5). The head (Pl. VI, fig. 2) with two 1911] May-Flies of Fall Creek, N. Y. 113 large erect tubercles on the occiput. Head, sub-quadrangular slightly flattened with the head projecting forward; a triangular ridge with the median ocellus at its apex projecting above the slightly indented fringed frontal margin. (Pl. VI, fig. 2). Left maxilla figured on Pl. VIII, fig.3. Thorax, more than half the length of the trunk; color dark above, all except the prothorax pale below; prothorax, above slightly arched and flaring at its postero-lateral angles, a tubercle at the middle of the lateral margin and a smaller one on either side the middle of the posterior mar- gin; mesothorax with one median tubercle. Legs, with femora unevenly brown above, pale below; tibiae brown with a pale transverse band through the middle; tarsi brown with a pale transverse band at the proximal end. Fore-femur (Pl. VII, fig. 5) shorter and thicker than the others and with its anterior margin unevenly toothed. Anterior edges of the other femora entire. Upper surfaces of all the femora with wart- like elevations; posterior edge of the first femur and anterior and pos- terior edge of the other femora with a row of sparse hairs. Abdomen with gills present on segments 3-8, without Elytroid cover, superior lamina entire; inferior lamina bifid fimbriate. Segments 2-7 with a median double row of spines; posterior margins of segments 1-7 and 9-10 edged with short hairs; posterior margin of segment 8 with numer- ous longer hairs. The posterior lateral angles of segments 3-10 pro- duced backward into flat-pointed spines. Setae 3, with numerous hairs on their outer and inner margins. Ephemerella rotunda, sp. nov. Peta) ae. Gl Pi Vid ie Se Pl. VE: fie: 5 Pl, TX, fig. 62) Occurrence, habitat. This species was taken in portion of Pleasant Brook, where there was little water and that strongly tainted by pipe drains. But four nymphs were captured. The two which were successfully reared proved to be females. The dates for their rearing were June 8 and 10. Measurements Length of body Length of setae Female imago 10.5 m. m. 14 m. m. Female subimago 10 mn. mH: 10 m. m. Nymph 10.2 m. m. 6m. m. Female imago. Thorax luteus; legs luteus or whitish; abdomen brown; setae luteus with very distinct brown joinings. Head parch- ment color. Thorax, above, luteus slightly darker on the mesothorax; pleurae luteus to whitish with brown edges. Axillary cords (Snod- grass, "09, The Thorax of Insects and the Articulations of the Wings, p. 553) of the fore-wing prolonged into slender acute spines which pro- ject backward on either side of the hinder lobe of the mesothorax. Axillary cords of the hind wings prolonged in similar but less prominent spines. Wings hyaline, costal region sub-hyaline (Pl. IV, fig. 6); abdomen brown, pale at joinings and beneath. Color evidently mostly due to contained ova. Sternite one longer than those following; ster- 114 Annals Entomological Society of America [Vol. IV, nite 7 with its posterior portion overlapping sternite 8 and with its pos- terior margin bilobed. Setae 3, nearly equal length, pilose; color pale luteus with distinct brown rings at the joinings. Female subimago. Wings sub-hyaline and veins brown. Seg- ment 7 not bilobed as in the imago. Nymph (Pl. VI, fig. 1; Pl. VII, fig. 3; Pl. VILL fig. 5). Headiaad body rounded and smooth, and without tubercles. Legs small in com- parison with the size of the body. Head, rounded and without eleva- tions (Pl)-Vi, fig. 1). -The left maxilla is shown ‘on, PL ii aeee Thorax, above smooth. Color, mottled brownish without definite markings. Prothorax wider than the head its lateral margins slightly flaring, and its width equal to that of the mesothorax; metathorax con- cealed from above. Legs weak, the femora poorly developed and with a row of hairs on its posterior margin (PI. VII, fig. 3). Abdomen, above rounded, gills present on segments 3-7, the posterior margins of segments 4-9 with a double median row of small spinose elevations; segments 3-9 with their posterior lateral angles produced into flat spines whose mar- gins are spinose serrate. Setae brownish indefinitely banded with whitish; basal joinings with circlets of hairs. Ephemerella cornuta, sp. nov. Occurrence, habitat. ‘This, before mentioned species, was reared at Salisbury, Connecticut. The dates given by Miss Smith for its capture and rearing are July 20, 21. But two stages, those of the male sub-imago and the nymph are repre- sented. Measurements. Length of body Length of setae. Male subimago LOS EME Ti. Nymph HOR tas ta 6.m.m. Male subimago, general color pale luteus with annular bands of brown on the abdomen. Eyes prominent. Head with ocelli white, encircled with broad bands of blackish brown; carina, frons and occiput pale; antennae light brown. Thorax, above pale luteus; the prothorax irregularly streaked with brown. Axillary cords of the fore-wing produced into a slender point extending backward on either side the median lobe of the metathorax, such prolongations not evident in the hinder wing. Legs, pale, the fore femora lightly shaded with brown. Wings, sub-hyaline, brownish at the base (Pl. IX, fig. 5). Abdomen pale whitish, with annular bands of brown shading. Setae 3, whitish. Nymph. Body slender, and tapering from the mesothorax. Fore femora shorter and wider than the others and with its anterior margin unevenly toothed (Pl. VII, fig. 6). Head, with prominent incurving horns just below the antennae; general shape sub-quadrangular with the posterior angles rounded, and the frontal margin fringed with hairs and projected forward; origin of the antennae partly hidden by the curving ledges at the bases of the horns (PI. VI, fig. 3). (Left maxilla 1911} May-Flires of Fall Creek, N. Y. 115 shown on Pl. VIII, fig. 6.) Thorax, mottled brownish; prothorax quadrangular, its angles closely fitting to the mesothorax. Legs with the margins of the second and third femora entire; the first femur fig- ured on Pl. VII, fig. 6. Abdomen, rounded above, flattened below; without dorsal spines or tubercles. Gills on segments 3-7; postero- lateral angles of segments 3-9 produced into flattened spines becoming more acuminate posteriorly; posterior margins of segments 2-10 sparsely edged with hairs; lateral margins of segments 3-9 spinose serrate. Setae, pale, except for a single brown ring at the base of each. Tricorythus allectus Needham. This species was described by Prof. Needham in Bull. 86, N. Y. State Mus. as Caenis allecta, but afterward referred by him to the genus Tricorythus, in Bull. 124 N. Y. State Mus. Occurrence, habitat. These nymphs are closely associated with Caenis, though they have not thus far been often found in the ill smelling mud generally preferred by that nymph. They clamber about in fine silt and sand, and the particles which adhere to their hairy bodies make them practically invisible. A handful of mud which appears to contain no sign of life, will after a few minutes draining, reveal slowly moving bits of mud which may prove to be either Caenis or Tricorythus according to the quality of the mud. Tricorythus allectus is one of the commonest species in Fall Creek. During June and July, the imagoes may be found strewn upon the surface of little protected inlets along its shores, or caught in the meshes of the spider- webs on walls and bridges near it. Measurement. Length of body 6.5m.m. Length of setae 4m. m. Mouth—parts and gill lamella (PI. XI.) The nymphs of Tricorythus may be at once distinguished from those of Caenis by the shape of the elytroid gill cover, rounded at the end in Caenis, distinctly triangular in Tricorythus (Pl. XI, fig. 1). Color yellowish, pale below; abdomen marked with transverse bands of brown broken by a median longitudinal pale stripe. Elytroid lamella prominent, purplish brown at the base. Body all over sparsely beset with hairs. Antennae pale with basal segments brown. Legs pale with a blackish spot at the proximal joint of each tibia. Gills not “ee hidden by elytroid lamellae. Lateral spines on segments 2-9. etae 3. Caenis. This genus is plentifully represented by Caenis hilaris, Say, and by nymphs of some other species not yet reared here. 116 Annals Entomological Society.of America [Vol. IV, Chirotonetes albomanicatus Needham. Occurrence, habitat. Nymphs of this abundant species were found full grown in the dashing waters of the falls and riffles from the latter part of May to August 12th. In May they were seen to emerge in greatest numbers during the late afternoon and twilight. They crawled up on the shore leaving their cast skins clinging to the stones or less often they flew up directly from the mid current. The dark wings and body and the white forelegs of the sub-imago made it very conspicuous as it rested upon the gray stones or flew upward. Robins made a regular custom of coming to the shores and collecting the insects as they emerged. From four to six nymphs might be often seen pro- jecting from their beaks. Siphlurus alternatus Say. This elegant species has been found to be very desir- able for the indoor aquarium. It lives in still pools and demands only a minimum supply of fresh water and plenty of plant food. It was common all through April, May, and a portion of June. Nymphs kept in the laboratory aquarium nearly all lived to emerge and doubtless could have been kept there several months had they been taken early enough. Baetis pygmea Hagen. This species has been found chiefly interesting for its habits of egg-laying. From early June to late August the stones in the waters of the creek were covered with small elongate egg- . patches rounded at one end, narrower and sharply squared off at the other. Plate XII, fig. 1 shows a stone about seven by ten inches in size on which the egg masses were scattered with average abundance. The surface upon which the eggs rested was the down-stream side of the stone and that portion where they were thickest was nearest to the surface of the water. On the same plate (fig. 2) is shown a photograph in which the patches are enlarged sufficiently to show the individual eggs. The laying of the eggs may be seen if one closely watches some stone which is marked as a favorite site by the presence of many masses. The following observation was made through an ordi- nary reading glass, but the processes may be easily seen with the naked eye. | Flying close to the surface of the water, the insect alighted on a stone projecting slightly from the water and well protected from the force of the current on its downstream side. She 9 1911] May-Flies of Fall Creek, N. Y. 117 immediately walked to the protected side and downward to the water. First, wrapping her wings about the abdomen, she made several attempts to immerse her head and thorax. This appears to be the critical stage of the performance, for many females are washed from the stone while attempting it. Once beneath the surface she started on a tour of inspection for the proper surface. This tour lasted for several minutes during which time she continually walked to and fro, pausing, feeling with the abdomen, and passing on unsatisfied. When a suit- able place was finally found she braced her legs firmly, bent the abdomen downward, curved the setae upward and pressed the openings of the oviducts closely to the surface. The whole abdomen was then swung from side to side with a slow pendu- lum-like motion, each stroke leaving an irregular row of minute white eggs adhering to the surface. The strokes were at first somewhat circular and longer than those which followed. As the egg mass grew in length the insect moved forward a little to aliow the eggs to lie in succeeding rows. When the egg supply was ex- hausted she stopped with a jerk of the abdomen and proceeded to clamber out of the water. When examined in the laboratory the abdomen of this female was found to contain only a few undeveloped eggs in the ovaries and none in the oviducts. Ameletus ludens Needham. Occurrence, habitat. In Pleasant Brook on April 25 nymphs of Ameletus ludens, were found in great abundance resting upon the bottom or darting about much like the nymphs of Callibaetis. They were the dominant insect of the stream at this time. One soft bottomed pool about four feet long, and two wide yielded about 300 nymphs in half an hour’s collecting, and many more remained., Full grown nymphs were placed in cages for purposes of rearing. The female sub- imago was found to correspond with Prof. Needham’s descrip- tion given in Bull. 86 of the N. Y. State Mus. Attempts were then made to secure a male to add to the life-history since Prof. Needham was unable to procure one. The results of the rearing were as follows: April 29, 1 nymph emerged, transformed April 30. Female. April 30, 1 nymph a . May 1. uy May 7, 1nymph us a May 8. May 8, 3 emerged nymphs, S April 9. Repeated rearings failed to secure a male specimen. An enclosure was then made in a neighboring rill by means of boards 118 Annals Entomological Society of America _[Vol. IV, and fine meshed wire-cloth. Over this, a cheese-cloth tent was erected, and in it a large number of nymphs were placed. The records of the results obtained are as follows: May 8, 12 nymphs emerged before 12 M., transformed before May 9, 12 M. All Females. May 10, 40 oF as before 12 M., sf before 12 M., May 9. All Females. May 12, 25 : es before 12 M., . May 13, before 12 M. All Females. That these nymphs emerged so regularly before noon was. doubtless due to the fact that the sunshine reached the tent only at this time and in the late afternoon. Rearings were made as. long as the season lasted but neither among the reared specimens. nor among the nymphs collected could a male be found. . 2. 2. eee 342 echina (Dryophanta)................ 337 Ganescens (DIsholcaspus)....+-....4.8042 eGhinus (Cyntps)s... 2.2.22... 0.2. 337 BEGUM GLeS es 2 neti oe ne ae 372 ~eldoradensis (Disholcaspis)........ 340 chrysolepidicola (Callirhytis)...... 354 eldoradensis (Holcaspis)............ 340 chrysolepidis (Disholcaspis)....... 341 eriophora (Callirhytis)............ 309 chrysolepidis (Holcaspis)........... RENE S | Salenierse (Synergy 6) ) he ae Aen Ae nena 365 chrysolepidis (Andricus)........... 346 flocci (Cymips) (Andricus).......... 352 iammonsis: (CalliniiviiitS)-e a+. 452+ ODOM UaLOCGE (ANATICUS)\ 5. += croc sn a ss 352 Clava @Diplolepis) = a0... . 2... 337 guadaloupensis (Callirhytis)....... 363 Eamon OTN PRANTG) ian. tn) a OB Gee eldazen(Cymips)irc sys hasnt. es 345 CompsodnyOxenus.. 2 ...215-.-255- SOME OL GUS Dispute, 06h erat Ran, 2 2 at 339 congregatus (Andricus)............ Stee ce lover (Cymips) |e .9hoe sce. O40 380 Annals Entomological Society of America [Vol. IV, kancri(AMOrICUS) i. seeker: 22 se 350 pomiformis (Callirhytis)............ 355 kincaidi (Diastrophus).........--. 375 punctatus (Synergts)..-2 eee 367 Jana CCYyneps) 2.020. Fs st ese ee 352 quercus-agrifolie (Callirhytis)..... 356 amar CAIITICUS Vine igs ses Mes cope, oe ee 352 quercus agrifolia (Cyntps)........... 356 astan(@alliahiy dis) eh ao. s. oach ye ae 356 quercus batatus (Cynips)............ 334 EytOEhOUtbes.n..a- 5. =. S- ae 378 quercus-batatus (Neuroterus)...... 334 maculatus (Synergus)...........-- 371 quercus californica (Cynips)......... 346 maculipennis (Cynips)........-.--- 344 quercus-californicus (Andricus).... 346 maculipennis (Callirhytis)......... 358 quercus floccet (Cyntps)... - 5. eee 352 maculipennis (Holcaspis).......---- 344 quercus-flocci (Andricus).......... 352 maculipennis (Disholcaspis).......- 344. quercus lana (Cynips) 2. =. 2 eae 352 multiplicatus (Synergus)........... 370 quercus pomiformis (Cynips)........ 305 multipunctata (Cynips)............ 348 quercus-pomiformis (Callirhytis).. 355 multipunctata (Dryophanta)......... 343 quercus sutton (Cynips)..:.......... dot INiGcuROLELUS ee ean oto 334 quercus suttoni (Callirhytis)...... 357 migen (Ceroptres) ie.
<... 9-22 1 2- e 369) © moss) (Callie hiystis) hese 361 mieran(Callichytis)iace- ac ae rare 362, “saliatoraus\(Cyntps) eee 395 obliquus (Periclistus)>: 725. eee 374 saltatorius (Neuroterus)........... 335 ochreus (Synergus)....:.-.-..:.-4 368 -sanctze-clares (Callininyitis)s.- sere 363 Oneraius (Cyntps) <2 ome eee 366." ssumilis (CRhodites)s. seei. eee 378 oneratus oneratus (Synergus)...... 366 speciosa (Dryophanta).............. 337 oneratus (Synergus)..........--.--- 366 spinosellus (Khodttes)... seen 377 paciheus (Andricus))..... 2.22. e-- 348 splendidus (Synergus)............. 369 parmula (Andries)... Ane eee 350 suttont (Andricus) (Callirhytis)..... 357 pattersone (Andricus)............. 352 Synereuss,<.. 0.455. see 364 Periclistussi he eee eee 373. “Trichoterass =. ¢.05s cee pee 341 PRON ee MC On CEE 333 truckeeasis (Disholcaspis)......... 340 pices! (Periclistus) <.c2 nese 374 truckeensis (Holcaspis)............. 340 politus (Rhodites)................. 3877 vacciniifoliz (Callirhy tis)=---se2e: 307 polythyra (Callirhytts).............: 357, varicolor: (Symereus) a.) aa eee 371 pomiformis (Ceroptres)............ 372 wiltze (Andricus)),is.2.. =aeeeeee 353 pomiformis (Andricus).........-+-- 355 — swislicent (Andiricus) eee eee 337 ANNALS E. S. A. YY Ly ys H) Lf i Z, SNM AUILKT ih WR2P eee Fullaway. lH VOL PV, PrATE XXL. THE GENERA HYPERA AND PHYTONOMUS - (Coleoptera, Family Curculionide) IN AMERICA, NORTH OF MEXICO.* By EG yhirus) Cee: TABLE OF CONTENTS. Oh OY BADD TT A ae Danks Sag RT a RE SE vl NNO Re mS 2 See Ra EASE INCI AY Pe Ne, ORs pled Ss Seats AGE SR Togs He (pot rad Bele ea 384 PeerOtine: genera and STOUP. 2. 62... 6s yes ous eoades so vedlgsan shea ebee: 386 See eieeerSTO URS bry Meritt.) o. 82. a ed been cre ge oe bee ee ha ee eek 389 Pe MSHOR VE Oleb er LOU: mensch. Het. eye cobalt ccomies We ys eee eae os ae, 391 Hoadeplantis of thevkbyperini in America. .........0i. sos. eee Cone eles oes 393 Fae Morsegl i PLE SCAM ECOMLEON ne 9 Sole oes cys Su. ss SPs SOO ee a ee 393 Genera Hypera and Phytonomus, characters of.........-..2...:-ce-ceu sees: 394 D SIUS OE MORSE Shoat 2g Ae ae eee eee eo De entree Ek ae eee eee 395 ZAI (MUUCHTEN SS coc ob SSSR PotD Cee oe RET tee oe aa a aoe 396 PU IO TTOTELS GERUTIOUTS oo SEO Econ IRE Re I ED CO PRCGR iD = os, SP ee 412 METI ECMO UTI GOLLUS EE © PP eet At ty tec Sao) aes nee y ee ee 414 eR MCURISL CSETRITSIL SUE N RUE fem ES Faults SOR A ee hae ah See ee 415 ML ORILESMOLUCT SUP UILGLOLUS © Se ont) 8 Mac daye is as xpd w oe he et SR 421 SE IIMD CR BRE NIE TE etree SET P SSA V8) 2s 5-5 Ao 35 eRe e ake hed SR 426 PIER AV EER EIST 7: Aa eh et x Smee ee a. Pee gh Mane 428 PPM TETOUS: (EPL OS dig Bike Pe ASE ELE Een NEE oat ene eee 432 ES TES. COSHOL he Bic Oe eo ETI OD Eat AE ee AON coche 433 POETS POOUAN USS Od Oo ACS AC ee Ee eed ake 434 PUEDES. TLDS ec Bcoeacs 3 CO Bae gS OREO Cee I AT eI 435 ea MPERIESETIR CHUL AS TRESS om 85,8, BS ola, NG a les beryl Secu ok ewe 442 ERED NCV ETE SP Te ha Marg cor at Po aoe ha o2a Se. yah s Seals Camieh Grate ne OE 452 INTRODUCTION. The genera Hypera and Phytonomus belong to the tribe Hyperinit, a member of the subfamily Curculioninae of the Coleopterous suborder Rhyncophora. Both genera are well distributed over the northern hemi- sphere, being especially abundant in Europe, the last catalog of Heyden, Reitter and Weise listing in Phytonomus from “Europae caucasit et Armeniae Rossicae’’ 64 species, 3 varieties and 21 aberrations. _ In America Leconte in 1876 listed 9 species, three of which are European. Since that time, we know of the introduction of two more European species. The present paper includes 13 species. One Phytonomus has been described from Mexico and in South and Central America are a number of species of Phelypera, a very closely related genus. In the present paper will be treated only those species known to occur in America, north of Mexico, of the genera - * Revised from a thesis submitted as a partial requirement for the degree of Doctor of Science at Harvard University, May 1, 1911. Contributions of the Entomological Laboratory, Bussey Institution, Harvard University, No. 39. 383 384 Annals Entomological Society of America [Vol. IV, Hypera and Phytonomus. Specimens have been seen of all the species reported from this region, and the types of six species have been examined. In connection with the study of the American species the author has studied 45 of the European species, in some cases including a large number of specimens. Over 500 American specimens have been examined, exclusive of several thousand specimens of P. posticus. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS. It is with pleasure that I here acknowledge the generous loans and gifts of material and the receipt of many records from the various sources here given. ' Map 1. Distribution of Hypera and Phytonomus. From the personal collections of C. A. Frost, Framingham, Mass.; F. A. Sherriff, Melrose Highlands, Mass.; Frederick Blanchard, Tyngsboro, Mass.; C. T. Brues, Bussey Institu- tion, Harvard University; Charles Schaeffer, Brooklyn, N. Y.; R. P. Dow, New York, N. Y.; E. A. Bischoff, Irvington, N. J.; Henry Wenzel, Philadelphia, Pa.; W. S. Blatchley, Indianapo- lis, Ind.; J. D. Evans, Trenton, Ont.; A.B. Wolcott; ;@meaee Ill.; Prof. H. F. Wickham, Iowa City, la.; JR. Lb. Webster ames: Iowa; Warren Knaus, McPherson, Kan.; Franklin Sherman, Jr., Raleigh, N. C.; Norman Criddle, Aweme, Man.; Trevor [oe] CO or 1911] Hypera and Phytonomus wn America Kincaid, Seattle, Wash.; G. I. Reeves, Pullman, Wash.; E. C. Van Dyke, San Francisco, Cal.; F. E. Blaisdell, San Fran- @isco, Cal.; Henry C. Fall, Pasadena, Cal.; and C. N. Ainslie, Salt Lake City, Utah. Determined European material of Phytonomus murinus, P. variabilis and P. viciae, has been received from Dr. Edmund Reitter of Paskau, and Prof. Victor Ferrant of Luxemburg, and numerous specimens representing a number of Evsigiiean species from Baron von Rothkirch, Lubben, Germany. From the following institutions I have had material and records: U.S. N. Museum through Dr. L. O. Howard and Mr. Been. ochwarz; Am. Mus. Nat. History, Mr. Frank Lutz; Department of Agriculture, Dominion of Canada, through Dr. Gordon Hewitt; Brooklyn Academy Arts and Sciences, Charles Schaeffer; American Entom. Society and Philadelphia Academy of Sciences, Dr. Henry Skinner; State Entomol- ogist’s office of New York, Dr. E. P. Felt; Cornell University, Dr. Alex. MacGillivray; Illinois University (Bolter collection) and Ill. St. Lab. Nat. History, Dr. S. A. Forbes; Field Colum- biah Museum, W. J. Gerhard; Colo.: Agric. College, Prof. Ge. Gillette; Conn. Agr. Exp. Station, Prof. W. E.. Britton; Ney. Aeric. Collese, Dr. J: B. Smith; Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., Mr. C. W. Johnson, and last but by no means the least I have had the advantage of studying the collections in the Museum of Comp. Zoology at Cambridge, Mass., and’‘the kind and ever- ready aid of Mr. Samuel Henshaw, Curator, in searching the literature and examining specimens. To Dr. L. O. Howard I am indebted for the translation of a paper by Dr. Martelli that was published in March of this year. to Mir. GC. 1. Brues.and Mr. FP: W. Chapman, for aid in securing the photographs of many of the species here illustrated. To Prof. F. M. Webster, of the Bureau of Entomology, Washington, D. C., and his assistants, who have aided in the alfalfa weevil work in Utah. To my associates in Utah, and especially to Dr. E. D. Ball, Director of the Experiment Station, for having made possible the opportunity to study the life history, and to my assistant, Mr. V. A. Sadler, for his efficient aid in the field work on Phytonomus posticus. 386 Annals Entomological Society of America [Vol. IV, Finally, I am greatly indebted to Dr. W. M. Wheeler, of Bussey Institution, Harvard University, under whom much of the systematic work has been developed, for his sincere kind- ness, his encouragement and advice. HISTORY. In 1817 Germar in Germar & Zincker’s magazine published a short article calling attention to the fact that he had for a long time been studying the genus Curculio, and that he had found good characters in the large complex of species upon which to erect new genera. At that time he published the names of these proposed genera, each with one or more included species, promising later to give the descriptions. In 1821, in the same magazine, he published descriptions of several of the genera noted in 1817. Among these was the genus Hypera, which he divided into two groups, containing altogether 14 species. In the former paper he gives no char- acters whatsoever to distinguish the different groups, merely mentioning some of the work he had done and giving the list. The genus dates from this latter paper (1821). In 1826 Curtis in his illustration of British Insects figured on plate 116, dated May 1, 1826, Hypera fasciculata, and stated in the appended description that the type of the genus Hypera was Curculio punctatus. He included in his list a number of other species which he had examined. HH. punctatus was one of the species included by Germar in the original description of the genus and hence will stand as the type. In the same year (1826) Schonherr published his work “ Curculionidum dispositio methodica,” in which in pt. iv, p. 175, he erects the genus Phytonomus, dividing it into two groups, nearly identical with those of Hypera given by Germar. He makes the type of the genus and of his first group Hypera polygoni L. Hyp. punctata was included in his second group. He gave with each group a number of species which he consid- ered as belonging to that complex. He undoubtedly intended to make Hypera a complete synonym, but since the type of Hypera had already been fixed, both genera should stand. At later dates both Gyllenhal and Germar accepted the genus Phytonomus as including all the species under the two groups, upon what grounds it is impossible to state. Giebel cites the species in the collection at ‘‘Univ. Halle-Wittenberg’’ under ae 1911] Hypera and Phytonomus in America 387 the name of Hypera. Itis apparent that these include Germar’s material and would indicate that he had not changed the name in his own collection. Why later writers (Jekel, Lacordaire and especially Fowler) should attempt to fix other types for the genus Hypera I do not know, unless I have overlooked papers to which they had access. There is no clue to such literature in their articles. Capiomont in 1867-8 in his “Revision des Hyperides,”’ accepts this group as outlined by Lacordaire in the Genera des Coleopteres, tome vi, p. 395. Capiomont creates several new genera in the group and separates Phytonomus from Hypera, but not on the lines given by Curtis. The paper is, however, very valuable, as being the first thorough treatment of the group after Schonherr. Kirsch and Kraatz, each publishing in 1871, contribute nothing new to the separation of the groups included, neither does Seidlitz in his Fauna Transylvanica in 1891. Petri in 1901 in his admirable monograph of the tribe Hyperini closely followed Capiomont’s work. He also gives a very good list of the synonomy of the species. The larger European catalogues before 1901 usually treated the genus Hypera with Phytonomus as a synonym or a sub- genus. Weise in the Heyden, Reitter and Weise Catalog of 1906 has followed Petri except in the synonomy of the species, where he recognizes “‘aberrations’’ for most of those forms previously called varieties. This is certainly a step in the right direction, since in the species I have studied these so-called aberrations appear to be nothing more than forms due to one of several causes and likely to appear in any generation of the species. The term evidently should cover all such cases as immature specimens, color changes due to temperature or food conditions, size forms, and specimens which have lost all or part of their pubescence, especially the scales. Most of these should never have been described, as is evident from the efforts of both Capiomont and Petri to separate such forms from the typical species as they conceived it. The literature of the group is of considerable size as may be judged from the bibliography of the species here treated. Without doubt references have been omitted that should have been given, but I trust that no serious omissions occur. The effect of this large number of references has been to make the 388 Annals Entomological Society of America [Vol. IV, synonomy of the species very difficult. It is apparent that the name of Phytonomus nieles is in doubt, but I do not care to change it without knowing more regarding the species trivialis Herbst and roeseli Gmelin, both of which were described previous to Fabricius’ description of meles. The species major Herbst which had been assigned here as a synonym is according to Schonherr a Cleonus. Schonherr in his monu- “mental work on the Curculionids in 1834 and 1842 gives no further aid on this synonomy. Regarding the Stephens species the papers of Walton have been followed even where they differ from later authors since it is believed that they more nearly represent the true synonomy. Walton was in correspondence with Germar and Gyllenhal and with other continental European entomologists, and exchanged specimens with them. Where there was a further question, the papers of Capiomont and Petri have been followed if possible. I have not attempted to place the American forms in the subgenera given by Capiomont believing that these need so much revision as to names and species included that it is well to let them alone. A more thorough study of the life-history of the various Eurasian species will without doubt introduce more synonomy if the other species of that region are as variable as those introduced into America. The most constant characters are the scale structure, form and shape of thorax, shape and size of beak, and the genitalia. Petri has well pointed out the extreme differences in the stem of the male genitalia, the “forceps:’ of Petri. All the species described from America north of Mexico have been identified, and I feel compelled to make one of the Leconte species, Phy. setigerus, a synonym of trivittatus of Say, this latter not having been previously recognized since Say’s description. One new species, Phy. maritumus is described. Hypera ocellata, 1902: (Biol. Cent. Am. Coleop. v. 4, pt. 4, p. 3) was described from ‘‘Omilteme, Guerrero, 8,000 feet, Mexico (H. H. Smith).’’ From the description and figure, it apparently belongs near Phytonomus eximius. The term Phytonomini of Leconte must give way to Hyperini, the genus Hypera being erected prior to Phytonomus. a 1911] Hypera and Phytonomus in America 089 CHARACTERS OF THE TRIBE HYPERINI. 1863: Lacordaire; Gen. des Coleopteres, tome vi, p. 395 (Hyperides). 1867: ae Revision de la Hyperides (Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. pp. 417-560, 1868: Capiomont: Rev. de la Hyperides (con.) (Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. pp. 74-284, 1871: Keech: Zur Kenntnis der deutschen Hyperiden (Berl. Entom. Zeits., pp. 173-191). 1901: Petri: Monogr. des Coleop.—Tribus Hyperini, pp. 210, figs. 58, pl. 3, also as: Bestim.—Tab. Coleop. Hft. 44, pp. 1-42. In this group the body is more or less oval, the thorax never exceptionally long, the beak never extremely long and slender; thorax and elytra more or less covered with scales and with hairs that may be simple, emarginate or thickened. The head is small and round, with the beak or rostrum well developed, often with a carina or keel on the upper surface; antennae set in a groove on the side of the beak, the groove usually slopes downward toward the lower side of the eyes; antennae (Pl. XXIV, fig. 17), composed of twelve joints, a long scape, seven funicle joints, the first two of which are longer than any of the others, and a four-jointed club, the antennae rarely reach to the middle of the prothorax; eyes oval, round or elongate-oval, often narrowed below, rather large and close together in front; mouthparts at the apex of the beak as usual, labrum wanting, mandibles, (Pl. XXIV, fig. 3, 4, 15), often with fine punctures, broad, stout, more or less pincer-shaped, with teeth, maxilla (Pl. XXIV, fig. 1, 16) broad, with short, conical four-jointed palpi which are rigid and taper more or less to a point; Jacinia provided with stout teeth and rather long hairs, apparently always with short spines on the inner surface; submentum nearly rectangular, emarginate; mentum short and broad, labial palpi (Pl. XXIV, fig. 2) three-jointed, rigid, conical. Prothorax more or less rounded above as seen from the side, sides usually somewhat swollen, anterior and posterior margins rarely as wide as the middle; oval, transverse-oval or elongate; always with a short process below between the front coxae. Scutellum always minute. Elytra differing greatly in form, sometimes at least three times as long as the thorax, in other species less than twice as long, elongate; oval, broad or obovate; from the side usually rather flat at the base, often rising for a short distance, and then may be abruptly declivous or rounded to the apex; 10 striae and 11 interspaces including the sutural and side spaces. 390 Annals Entomological Society of America [Vol. IV, Venter as in other Curculionidae, front coxae almost con- tiguous, middle coxae separated by the more or less elevated process of the mesosternum and the shorter process of the metasternum; hind coxae usually rather widely separated, the intercoxal process of the third abdominal (first visible) seg- ment being broad, but in all species examined ends in a point which is sometimes concealed beneath the metasternum; side ‘pieces of the mesosternum diagonally divided; side pieces of the metasternum dilated in front usually rather narrowly, the outer angle causing a sinuousity in the edge of the elytron; ventral abdominal segments unequal, first and second con- cealed as usual, the fifth and sixth shortest, usually the seventh or fourth next, the third longest, or in some the seventh the longest; sutures straight or nearly so. Last dorsal abdominal segment in the male with an extra piece, which appears as another segment and is (in the species examined) covered with peculiar many branched hairs or scales, pygidium not exposed. Legs clothed with hairs or scales, usually the femora and coxae with scales only, sometimes these only in front; the apex of each of the tibia possesses a ring or crown of.spines of varying length; articular surface of the hind tibiae distinctly terminal, sometimes with a projection on the inner side; tarsi dilated, third joint strongly bilobed, elongate, with a setose pad beneath; claws long, simple, free. The description of the stages relate only to the following species: Hypera punctata, Phytonomus posticus, P. nigrirosiris, P. meles, and P. comptus. The characters seem however, to be common to the species named, where the stages are known. Egg: (not known in comptus): more or less oval, white, yellow or some shade of yellow, reticulated with hexagonal depressions. Larva: In the younger stages (not known in comptus) slender, widest in the middle, head dark, dorsal surface set with dark or black tubercles upon which are inserted hairs, which are usually clavate at the tips, except on the anal seg- ments where they are longer and simple; beneath the thorax the surface is projected into lobes, sometimes each lobe of each of the three pairs is bilobed and set with bristles; abdominal segments beneath with smaller lobes; sides with two swollen areas on each segment, the one on which the spiracles are placed 1911} Hypera and Phytonomus in America a9t has one or more tubercles set with hairs, anal segment of three lobes, two side and one dorsal; a dorsal abdominal median paler line is present, this may extend onto the thorax. Later stages: Head dark, glabrous with very fine transverse lines, antennae minute, two-jointed, situated near the anterior border; labrum emarginate, with a row of hairs near the edge; mandibles stout, toothed, usually dark; two small ocelli on each side of the head with a long hair between them; palpi two-jointed, a long hair or spine below the first joint. Seg- ments of the body dorsally of two distinct parts, (Pl. X XIV, figs. 23-32), the smaller anterior part always with one pair of tubercles, a tubercle each side of the dorsal line; the posterior part larger, broader and extending almost to the spiracles, containing on the dorsum, at least, one row of tubercles, some of the thoracic and last abdominal segments may have more rows; spiracles black, nine in number situated a little above the middle and well forward on the side of the segments which possess them, below them one or two tubercles, the spiracles and these tubercles are on the first set of swellings or enlarge- ments; the enlargement below the first is usually small, the third is on the venter and contains the leg-like tubercles. Cocoon: All the species noted above spin reticulate cocoons, usually oval or globular, varying considerably in the size and shape of the openings. Pupa: Rather short and wide, all the appendages very evi- dent, wing-pads rather long, thorax broad, the abdominal seg- ments with transverse rows of setae; the thorax with hairs, those on the prothorax regularly twenty in number, a row of five pairs curving around the anterior margin on each side, the fifth of which is sometimes set far back; and a curved row of five pairs beginning near the center and passing backward to the posterior outer angle. The arrangement of these hairs appears to be constant in each species examined (pupa of meles not seen). Life-history: Eggs laid, except with Hyp. punctata, in the spring on the food plants .or inserted into some part of the plant, such as leaf, leaf-sheath, petiole, stem, flower-heads or buds. -The habit of comptus is not known, but from the time the larvae appear it is probable the eggs are laid in the spring, the same holds for P. eximius. 392 Annals Entomological Society of America [Vol. IV, Larvae upon hatching, generally remain concealed for some time feeding in a protected place, usually not feeding in the open except at night or when very numerous, when they pass out onto the leaves even in broad daylight. Some feed in flower-heads (meles and nigrirostris, prob. also eximius and comptus); others in the leaf-buds (posticus), but all when numerous will defoliate their food plant. The larva when full grown spins a cocoon that may be placed among the flowerets (nzgrirostris), on the upper surface of the leaves (comptus); on or near the ground, in leaves or other debris (posticus) or in the ground (H. punctata). Even in the same species there is some diversity of habit. In,those species where the cocoon spinning has been watched the process is as follows (Folsom, Titus for Hyp. punctata, Titus, Ainslie, Sadler for P. posticus, Titus for P. nigrirostris). In Hypera punctata the larva buries itself in a small oval cell in the ground, slightly under the surface; this cell it smooths with its head and by turning around and around with its body in the characteristic curved position; the other species do not form cocoons in the ground. The spinning in the species observed is done with the mouth. The first hairs are placed as a round network on the surface where the larva is lying, then lying on its back it reaches with the head to one side slowly spinning the thread upward. The thread hardens and is thus sometimes carried over to the other side making a framework upon which to attach other threads. More often the threads are laid down along the first network and gradually built up on each side, the larva often puts its mouth or parts of its mouth through the coarser network and fastens a thread outside. The meshes are gradually reduced in size by placing other threads in both directions inside the first rows, this is especially true with comptus and punctata. Every few seconds, or at least every half minute the larva reaches back to the anus and apparently from some gland secures a fresh supply of silk, the operation of securing this silk can be better described as sucking than “nibbling” though it partakes of the character of both. It may be that this is a secretion from the malphigian glands as found by Silvestri to occur in Lebia. Pupation occurs from one to three days after the cocoon is completed. 1911] Hypera and Phytonomus in America 393 When the adult beetle appears it rests in the cocoon until the wing-covers are somewhat hardened and then eats its way out. From the descriptions given apparently some species devour the entire cocoon, this has been noticed but rarely with posticus and has not been reported for punctata. The beetles usually feed by night and rest concealed in the daytime beneath rubbish or leaves or even in cracks in the ground. The smaller specimens often lie in the leaves or opening leai-buds. The beetles cause considerable injury by their feeding habits at this time, gnawing the parenchyma from the stems and feeding upon the leaves. The introduced European species, and probably all the species, hibernate as adults. The group has in common with some other Curculionidae the habit of distributing themselves by flying at some stated period, in Phytonomus it appears at least in three species (nigrirostris, posticus, meles) to be in the spring. P. posticus has two flights, the second occurring in the summer, Hypera punctata has at least late summer or fall flight. Food-planis: Kleine has published (1910) the food plants of the European species of Phytonomus so far as known. They include plants in many different groups, but especially among the legumes (Fabaceae) and buckwheat (Polygonaceae) families. The native American species whose food-plants are known are comptus on Polygonum; eximus and quadricollis on Rumex; trivittatus (setigerus Lec.) on Lathyrus, and maritimus on Pevicia.”’ The introduced species are primarily leguminous feeders, attacking especially clovers and alfalfa; probably they will feed upon any species of Trifolium, Medicago or Melilotus. They will also attack the Astragalus group and the vetches. Hyp. punctata will live upon beans in both larval and adult stages. Other food- plants reported for them, such as golden-rod, potatoes, timothy, wheat and cabbage, are doubtless more or less accidental. Along the Atlantic Coast the introduced species are but occasionally noticed as injurious to the crops, but as they move westward across the Alleghany Mountains, their injuries increase. It is probable that when Hypera punctata from the East and Phytonomus posticus from the West meet on the western plains, we will hear much more regarding their injurious feeding habits. It is certain that the alfalfa weevil (P. posticus) 394 Annals Entomological Society of America [Vol. IV, is a most serious pest in the parts of Utah where it is at present common and doubtless will be so in any of the western alfalfa regions. Railroads lead in all directions and it is only a matter of time until this species has reached the other alfalfa growing localities. (Map 11.) In the dry regions. where there is little rainfall during the hot summers and very little humidity in the atmosphere, it is. very doubtful if the fungus diseases will work. In the coast regions the fungus is undoubtedly the one enemy that keeps the species there present in check. Cultural methods, the introduction of better methods of farming, rotation of crops, use of gathering machines, careful stamping out of incipient colonies and the hope of parasites from Europe are all factors leading toward the control of the species of this group in the more arid climates. . Plates XXXIII and XXXIV illustrate something of the: problem from the standpoint of the western farmer and show what is being done to aid in cultural lines. Plate XX XIII is adapted from Bul. 110 of the Utah Agr. Exn. Sta., which gives an account of the work accomplished against P. posticus up to July 1, 1910. GENERA HYPERA AND PHYTONOMUS. While these two genera are closely related, there are unmis- takable characters that readily separate them. Hypera has the beak short, blunt and thick; scarcely one-half longer than the remainder of the head; mandibles never emarginate; elytra much wider than the thorax; usually wider or as wide as the distance from base to point where the elytra curve down- ward; humeri very prominent, convex; alternate interspaces beginning with the sutural one strongly elevated and wider than the others; intercoxal process broad, stem of male genitalia (Pl. XXIV, fig. 14), fully as wide as long. Type: Hypera punctata Fab. In Phytonomus the body is never stout, broad and thick, beak never short and blunt; intercoxal process somewhat narrowed at tip; mandibles always more or less emarginate; elytra as wide or a little wider than the thorax; stem of male genitalia (Pl. XXIV, figs. 5-13), much longer than wide, generally two or three times longer. Type: Phytonomus arator L. (polygoni L.) =a ee 1911] Hypera and Phytonomus in America 395 Hypera lays eggs in the fall, some larvae hatch then, others the next spring. Cocoon may be formed in the ground, and the meshes are very much closer than in any Phytonomus cocoon known. Phytonomus lays eggs in the spring (so far as known); the cocoon apparently never formed beneath the surface of the earth. TABLE OF SPECIES. Beak stout, never longer than prothorax. Large robust species, beak shorter than prothorax; hairs of prothorax and elytra long and slender; scales striate, narrowed toward tip, emarginate without processes, concave, rounded at base....... Hypera punctata Elongate, rather stout, sides of elytra almost parallel, thorax longer than broad, beak scarcely as long as prothorax; setae on prothorax thick, numerous, scales sparse, parallel-sided, deeply emarginate. Phytonomus diversipunctatus Beak more slender, always longer than prothorax. Front between the eyes narrower than eye at widest part.................. il Front between the eyes always distinctly wider than eye at widest part, wemeallhy shila Comoe. Laces Loe ie Sone f Bee One nO eae ae ae 8 Mensemec mot abealliclety or emaromate:. 2: 05..22 0)... cree Cee nee be es 2 CAS IMOLG Ol IesSReMlanminater fase le wr seals. ee ale ne ws ee odes 4 SSRIS GION oad chop oh Se oe Rela eA Ee Eee ae an 5 2. Body not elongate, flattened, sides of elytra never parallel; scales trun- cate, concave, widest at middle, striate........ Phytonomus eximius Body elongate, flattened, sides of elytra parallel................0..... 3 3. Thorax deeply punctured, polished; scales concave, truncate, widened at tip, finely striate; setae thickened at tip, more numerous on posterior Aiea Oe Clivitk awry yer tia e chs ane yheaenen te Ny te cee Phytonomus quadricollis Thorax not polished, punctures shallow, indistinct, glabrous, more or less confluent; scales parallel-sided or narrowed at tip, thick, indistinctly Simaen NOmMatESTOny GOLSUIMI Mort. seek fo oe ee Phytonomus comptus 4. Scales finely striate, deeply emarginate, sides curved; hairs thick at base and near tip abruptly narrowed to a point; prothorax as wide as long; punctures of elytral striae with minute setae.Phytonomus trivittatus Scales deeply emarginate; hairs on prothorax thick, sides parallel, tip notched; prothorax longer than wide, setae in elytral striae short, ote karan Miwibiitebrs “err Meee ero ee eae oP Phytonomus maritimus Scales deeply emarginate, processes and elytral scales as long as body of scale; beak scarcely longer than prothorax, species small, stout. Phytonomus pubicollis PETES ClelineAn yao eatheriO ASE Y a. ae. Aoi. golsll nw cc mele pied oa Dd ch bor ws 6 DEseSiO pea tiy Cll GOMDASE Men aso) LAUR ey Suhel Soe dala Sapna na ee ul 6. Prothorax much wider than long, sides prominently rounded. Phytonomus meles Prothorax not wider than long, species rather narrow, elongate; hairs on dorsinee long fine MO Imbel ey eer hee se oe Phytonomus nigrirostris 7. Prothorax almost as wide as long; hairs on dorsum, especially on posterior part of elytra, semi-decumbent, long and pointed. .Phytonomus posticus 8. Scales of elytra cleft to or almost to base; prothorax with numerous emarginate hairs mixed with sparse cleft scales, front distinctly con- cave, beak much longer than prothorax........ Phytonomus seriatus Scales of thorax and elytra all deeply cleft, some scales on head are cleft; prothorax with sparse, thickened, blunt hairs, beak scarcely longer Bitte PEO ER OUAR (Str te) RTT eal eo soe ee oe Phytonomus castor 396 Annals Entomological Society of America [Vol. IV, Hypera ocellata—described 1902: Biol. Cent. Amer. Coleop- tera, v. 4, pt. 4, p. 8, would appear from the figure and descrip- tion to be related to Phy. eximius, except that the beak is described as short and widened at the tip. The species has eleven black elytral spots and ochreous and gray scales. The two specimens were collected at ‘‘Omilterre, Guerrero, 8,000 feet GH. BH. Smith) Mex.” The following names are undoubtedly nomina nuda but if opportunity offers someone should examine the specimens provided they are still in existence and correctly determine them. 1837: Dejean: Cat. Coleop: Coll. Dejean; p2SG:aeea ne tonomus confusus—Amer. boreal. 1869: Giebel: Col. Univ. Halle Wittenberg, p. 44, No. 28, “FHypera nudirostris Germar in litt., Nord Amer. "No. sie unknown species from ‘‘ Nord Amer.” Hypera punctata Fabricius. 29 1762: Goines Ins. 1: 279. ‘‘Curculio no. 5. 1779: Schaeffer: Icones Insectorum, tab. 25, fig. 6. Curculio punctatus: 1775: Fabricius: Systema Entom., p. 150, no. 119. 1781: Fabricius: Species Insectorum, 1: 190, no. 166. 1781: Laichart: Verz. u. Besch. d. Tyrol Ins. Kafer, 1 (pt 1): 16, no. 221 1787: Fabricius: Mantissa Ins., 1: 117, no. 221. 1787: Schneider: Neus Mag. Entom. 3(pt 2): 116, no. 190. 1788: Zschachii: Pars Entom. p. 21, no. 458. 1789: Villers: Entom. Fauna Suec., 1:213, no. 169; 4: 279, no. 169. 1790: Gmelin: Linn. Syst. Nat., ed. xiii, p. 1786, no. 378. 1790: Olivier: Hist. Nat. Ins., 5: 541, no. 315. 1790: Rossi: Fauna Etrusca, 1: 131, no. 335. 1792: Fabricius: Entom. Syst. emend. 1(pt 2): 472, no. 329. 1792: Paykull: Monog. Cure. Suec., p. 111, no. cvii. 1795: Fabricius: Nomen. Entom., p. U. 1795: Herbst: Nat. Ins. Kafer, 6:505, no. 540. 1795: Panzer: Entom. Germanica, p. 329, no. 174. 1795: Rossi: Fauna Etrusca, (Hellwig ed.) 1: 139, no. 335. 1795: Weber: Nomen. Entom. sec. E. S. Fab. p. 57. 1796: Fabricius: Index Alphabeticus, E. S. emend., p. 54. 1797: Bergstrasser: Epit. Entom. Fab. Nomen. p. 68, 71. 1800: Paykull: Fauna Suecica, 3: 306, no. cxxix. 1801: Fabricius: Sys. Eleutherat., 1:529, no. 133. 1805: Illiger: Magaz. f. Insektenkunde, 4: 133. 1828: Boitard: Man. d’Entom., 1: 409. 1853: Moretti: in Gene, ed. 2. Rhynchenus punctatus: 1802: Fabricius: Ind. Gen. et sp. Sys. Eleuth., p. 69, no. 54. 1813: Gyllenhal: Ins. Suec., 1 (pt 3): 108, no. 38. 1820: Billberg, Enum. Ins., p. 42. 1827: Gyllenhal: Ins. Suec., 1(pt 4, app. 3): 572, no. 38. Brachyrhinus punctatus: 1804: Latreille: Hist. Nat. Gen. et parc. 11: 171, no. 59. 1911] Hypera and Phytonomus in America 397 Hypera punctata: 17: Germar: Germ. & Zincker Mag. 2: 340. 1821: Germar: Germ. & Zincker Mag., 4: 344, no. 22 1821: Dejean: Cat. coll. Coleop., p. 89. 1826: Curtis: Brit. Entom. 2: no. 116, 1 (fixes type of genus). 1826: Sturm: Cat. Ins. Sammlung, 1: 157. 1829: Curtis: Guide Arr. Brit. Ins., p. 50, no. 3. 1829: Stephens: Sys. Cat. Brit. Ins., p. 167, no. 1707. 1831: Stephens: Entom., 4: 93. 1848: Walton, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (2) 1: 297. 1849: Walton: Stett. Ent. Zeit., 10: 259. 1861: Waterhouse: Cat. Brit. Coleop., p. 71, no. 1. 1863: Lacordaire: Hist. Nat. Ins. Coleop., 6: 401. 1869: Giebel: Verz. z. Mus. Univ. Halle-Wittenberg p. 43, no. 1. 1869: Targione-Tozzetti: Bul. Ent. Soc. Ital., 1: 80-81. 1869: Kraatz: Verz. Kafer Deutsch., p. 52. 1871: Kirsch: Berl. Ent. Zeit. 15: 184. 1871: Gemminger & Harold: Cat. Coleop., 8: 2386. 1877: Stein & Weise: Cat. Col. Europe, ed. 2, p. 148. 1880: Koppen: Die Schadlichen Ins. Russlands, p. 209. 1880: Rupertsberger: Biol. die Kafer Europa, p. 200. 1883: Weise in H. R. & W. Cat. Col. Eur. et. Cau., ed. 4, p. 159. 1884: Bargagli: Bul. Ent. Soc. Ital., 16: 170-1. : Rass. Biol. Rinc. Europeti, p. 97. 1888: Bedel: Col. Bassin de la Seine, p. 255. 1889: Fauvel: Rev. Ent., 8: 157, no. 458. 1890: | Bul) Put. Soc: Ital), 22: 275. 1891: Fowler: Brit. Coleop., 5: 229, 231. 1891: Schneider: Coleop. & Lepidop. Bergen, p. 112, no. 34. 1891: Weise in H. R. & W. Cat. Col. Eu. Cau. et Arm. Ross., p. 303. 1893: Bertolini: Bul. Ent. Soc. Ital. 25: 244, no. 6. 1894: v. d. Hoop: Tijd. v. Entom., 37: 172. ——:; Eckstein: Deutsch Fisch. Zeit. Stettin., p. 1903: Everts: Coleop. Neerlandica, p. 600. 1908: Torka: Entom. Blatter, 4: 77. 1909: Cecconi: Rev. Col. Ital., 7: 46. Phytonomus punctatus: 1826: Schonherr: Curc. Dispos. meth., pt. 4, p. 175. 1829: Gebler: in Lededour Reise, p. 168. 1830: Gebler: Bemerk uber d. Ins. Sib. vorz. Altai, p. 168. 1833: Carmagnola: in Villa: Cat. Coleop. dupl. p. 24. 1833: Dejean: Cat. Coleop. coll. Dejean, ed. 2, p. 264. 1834: Schonherr: Gen. et sp. Curc. 2 (pt 2): 401. 1837: Dejean: Cat. Coleop. coll. Dejean. ed. 3, p. 287. 1839: Falderman: Neue Mem. Soc. Nat. Mosc., 6: 189. 1842: Schonherr: Gen. et sp. curc., 6 (pt 2): 346. 1843: Sturm: Cat. Kafer Sammlung, p. 201. 1843: Schmidt: Stett. Entom. Zeit., 4: 23. 1844: (Dohrn:) Cat. Coleop. Eur., p. 52. 1847: Hochhuth: Enum. Russelkafer, Kaukasus u. Transk., p. 491, no. 98- 1849: Gaubil: Cat. Syn. Coleop. Eu. et Alg., p. 156, no. 3. 1849: Redtenbacher: Fauna Austriaca, Die Kafer, pp. 433-4. 1849: (Dohrn): Cat. Col. Eu., p. 61. 1851: Perris: Mem. Ac. Se. Lyon, n. s. 1:373. 1853: Murray: Cat. Col. Scotland. 1853: Zebe: Syn. der bisher Deutsch. aufgef. Coleop. p. 75. 1855: Jac. du Val.: Gen. Coleop. d’ Europe, p. 109. 1857: Lentz: Neue Verz. der Preuss. Kafer, p. 124. 1858: Dohrn: Cat. Col. Eur., p. 78. 1858: Mathieu: Ann. Ent. Soc. Belg., 2: 197, no. 188. 1858: Redtenbacher: Fauna Austriaca, Die Kafer, ed. 2, p. 727. 398 Annals Entomological Society of America [Vol. IV, 1862: Schaum: Cat. Col. Europa, ed. 2, p. 89. 1864: Jekel: Ann. Ent. Soc. Fr. (4) 4: 562, 563. 1865: Disconzi: Entom. Vicentia, p.79, 81, no. 36. 1865: Thomson: Skand. Coleop., 7: 161. 1866: de Marseul: Cat. Coleop. Eur. et. conf., p. 100, no. 2. 1867: Capiomont: Rev. d. Hyperides, p. 121-3, pl. 11, fig. 12; 12, f. 1. 1868: Capiomont: Rev. d. Hyperides, p. 421. (sep. p. 201). 1868: Villa: Rel. sugli Ins. d. Trifogli. 1868: Villa: La Lombardia, 13 giugno. 1874: Siebke: Enumeratio Ins. Norvegicum, fasc. 1, p. 264-5. 1877: Heyden: Jahrb. Nassau. Vereins, 29: 311. 1878: Schneider & Leder: Beit. kennt. Kauk. Kaferfauna, p. 287. 1879: Targione-Tozzetti: Ann. Agr. Minis. Agr. & Com. p. 30. 1881: Heyden: Cat. Col. Sibiria, p. 165. 1881: Riley: Amer. Naturalist, 15: 750-1. 1881: Lintner: Husbandman (Elmira, N. Y.), 14 Sep., p. 3, 6, 7. 1881: Lintner: Cultivator and Coun. Gent., 46: 631, 29 Sep. 1881: Lintner: Cultivator and Coun. Gent., 46: 647, 6 Oct. 1881: Riley: Amer. Naturalist, 15: 912-4. 1882: Leconte: Tr. Am. Ent. Soc. 9: proc. p. xxxvi. 1882: Riley: Amer. Naturalist, 16: 248-9. 1882: Riley: 12th Rep. Ent. Soc. Ont., p. 17. 1882: Lintner: 41st Rep. N. Y. St. Agr. Soc., pp. 40-50. 1882: Lintner: Rural New Yorker, 41: 616, 9 Sep. F 1882: Riley: Report of the Entomologist, p. 111-9, pl. 10, fig. 1. 1883: Riley: in Rep. U. S. Dept. Agr. f. 1881-2, pp. 171-9, pi. 10, f. 1. 1883: Lintner: First Rep. St. Entom. N. Y., pp. 247-58, fig. 1883: Lintner: Rural New Yorker, 42:310, 19*"May. 1883: Mann: Psyche, 4: (Bibliog. rec. 3309, 3325, 3326). p. 96. 1884: Lintner: Country Gentleman, 49: 457, 29 May. 1884: Lintner: Ont. Co. Times (N. Y.) 29 May, 4 June. 1884: Devereaux, Clyde Times (N. Y.) 29 May. 1884: Lintner: Tr. N. Y. St. Ag. Soc. f. 1877, v. 33:221—384, fig. 1884: Kilman: Canad. Entomologist, 16: pp. 144-5. 1884: Lintner; Canad. Entom., 16: 182. 1884: Moffat: Canad. Entom., 16: 215. 1884: Sanders: Can. Entom., 16:209-10. 1885: Henshaw: List Col. of Amer. N. of Mex., p. 137, no. 8227. 1885: Lintner: 2nd Rep. St. Entom. N. Y., pp. 3, 14-15. 1885: Kilman: 15th Ann. Rep. Ent. Soc. Ont., p. 32. 1885: Sanders: 15th Ann. Rep. Ent. Soc. .Ont., p. 152. 1886: Arthur: Botanical Gazette, 11: 14-17, pl. 2 (Entomophthora). 1886: Arthur: 4th Ann. Rep. N. Y. Agr. Exp. Sta., f. 1885, p. 241-65, fig. 10. 1886: Riley: Proc: Ent. Soc. Wash., 1: 20. 1888: Forbes: Psyche, 5: 10, 45-6. 1888: Lintner: 4th Rep. St. Ent. N. Y., p..178. 1888: Thaxter: Mem. Bost: Soc. Nat. Hist. 4: 172-175, pl. 17, figs. 200-21. 1889: Kilman: Canad. Entom., 21: 186. 1889: Henshaw: Bibliog. Ec. Entom. pt. iii. 1889: Hamilton: Tr. Am. Ent. Soc. 16: 155, no. 454. 1889: Lintner: 5th Rep. St. Ent. N. Y., p. 272, fig. 40. 1889: Lintner: 4th Rep. N. Y. St. Museum, pp. 151, 244. 1889: Smith: 10th Rep. N. J. Agr. Exp. Sta., p. 241, 313. 1890: Liebeck: Entom. News, 1: 12. 1890: Riley & Howard: Ins. Life, 3: 70-71. 1890: Smith: Cat. Ins. New Jersey, p. 250. 1890: Lintner: 6th Rep. St., Entom. N. Y., p. 182. 1891: Smith: Ins. Life, 3: 231-2. , 1891: Lintner: 7th Rep. St. Entom. N.Y. p. 315, fig. 33: 1891: Smith: Ins. Life, 4: 270. 1891: Hamilton: Ins. Life, 4: 270. Hypera and Phytonomus in America 399 : Osborn: Orange Judd Farmer, 10 Oct., p. 229. : Seidlitz: Fauna Transsylv., p. 674. : Weed: Ins. & Insecticides, pp. 235-7, fig. 126. : Webster, F. M.; Ohio Farmer, 4 June, p. 422. : Riley & Howard: Ins. Life, 4: 401. : Riley & Howard: Ins. Life, 5: 54. : Smith: Ins. Life, 5: 98. : Webster: Ins. Life, 5: 99. : Butler: Indiana Farmer, 14 Jan., figures. : Riley & Howard: Ins. Life, 5: 279. : Lintner: Country Gentleman, 58: 386, 18 May. : Webster, F. M.: Ins. Life, 6: 186. : Lintner: 8th Rep. St. Entom. N. Y., p. 300. : Lintner: 9th Rep. St. Entom., N. Y., p. 440. : Riley & Howard: Ins. Life, 6:328. : Webster: Canad. Entom. 25: 255. : Meinert: Fort. z. Mus. Bille Larver Coleop., p. 279, no. 508. : Riley & Howard: Ins. Life, 6: 328. : Webster, F. M.: Ohio Farmer, 10 May, p. 377, figs., 17-May, p. 39. : Wheeler: Bul. 116, Mich. Agr. Exp. Sta., p. 47-52, fig. 1-3. : Hopkins: Ins. Life, 7: 145. : Michigan Farmer, 8 Sep. : Webster, F. M.: Ins. Life, .7: 203. : Howard: Insect Life, 7: 273. : Buckhout: Rpt. Pa. Agr. Exp. Sta. f. 1893, p. 92. 9: Lintner: 10th Rpt. St. Ent. N. Y., pp. 448, 511. 5: Schwarz: Bul. 6, Div. Ornith. & Mam., U. S. Dept. Agric., p. 62. 5: Henshaw: Bibliog. Am. Ec. Ent., pt 4, auth. A—K inc. 5: Webster: Ohio Farmer, 23 May, p. 417; 380 May, p. 487, fig.; 13 Je, p. 477. : Henshaw: Bibliog. Am. Ec. Ent., pt 5, auth. L~Z inc. : Webster: Bul. 68, Ohio Ag. Exp. Sta., pp. 27-31, fig. : Kellicott: Journ. Columbus (O.) Hort. Soc. pp. 48-49. : Smith: Economic Entomology, pp. 229-30, figs. 234, 235. : Johnson: Bul. 9, n. s. Div. Ent. U. S. Dept. Agr., pp. 80-82. 7: Packard: Psyche, 8: 125. : Webster:. Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc., 5:202. : Banks: Bibliog. Am. Ec. Ent., pt 6, 1888-1896 inc. : Beutenmuller: Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc., 6:40. : Webster: Ohio Farmer, 19 May, p. 403: : Felt: Country Gentleman, 26 May, 63: 406. : Howard: Yearbook f. 1897, U. S. Dept. Agr. p. 529. : Johnson: Bul. 57, Md. Agr. Exp. Sta., p. 116. : Johnson: Bul. 17, n. s. Div. Ent. U. S. Dept. Agr., pp. 92-94. ; Felt: Rpt. St. Ent. N. Y., pp. 246, 257, 329, 336, 387, 374, 378. ; Hunter: Ann. Rpt. Neb. St. Bd. Agr. p. 24. : Kilman: 20th Ann. Rpt. Ent. Soc. Ont., pp. 90-91. : Sanderson: National Rural, 2 Noy. : Lugger: 5th Rpt. St. Ent. Minn., p. 189-90, figs. 198, 199. : Lugger: Bul. 66, Minn. Agr. Exp. Sta., p. 85. : Smith: Cat. Ins. New Jersey, p. 343, figs. 154, 155. ; Chittenden: Bul. 22, n. s. Div. Ent. U. S. Dept. Agr., p. 57. : Johnson: Bul. 26, n. s. Div. Ent. U. S. Dept. Agr., p. 96. : Fletcher: Bul. 26, n. s. Div. Ent. U. S. Dept. Agr. p. 96. : Evans: 3lst Rpt. Ent. Soc. Ont., p. 34. : Fletcher: 31st Rpt. Ent. Soc. Ont., p. 62. : Fletcher: Rpt. Ent. & Bot. Dom. Canada, p. : Banks: Bibliog. Ec. Ent., pt 7, 1897-1899 inc. : Sanderson: 28th Rpt Del. Agr. Exp. Sta. p. — : Petri: Monogr. Coleop. Trib. Hyperini, pp. 120, 202% ple ae. LD: : Petri: Bestim. Tab. Coleop. Hft 44, Hyperini, pp. 19, 39. 2 Belt: 17th Rpt. st; Bnt. New: p. 845. 400 Annals Entomological Society of America [Vol. IV, 1902: Osborn, Bul. 37, Div. Ent. U. S. Dept. Agr., pp. 115, 116. 1902: Sanderson: Ins. Inj. Staple Crops, pp. 177-79, fig. 98. 1902: Ulke: Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 25: 33, 55 (Dist. Col. list). 1902: Webster: 32nd Rpt. Ent. Soc. Ont., p. 64. 1902: Dury: Journ. Cin. Soc. Nat. Hist., 20: 107, 182 (sep. p. 1) 1902: : Nuove Relaz. Staz. Ent. Agrar. Firenze. 1903: Chittenden: Yearbook f. 1902, U. S. Dept. Agr. p. 728. 1903: Balkwill: 33rd Rpt. Ent. Soc. Ont., p. 44. ¢ 1903: Bethune: 33rd Rpt. Ent. Soc. Ont., p. 44, 98. 1903: Fletcher: 33rd Rpt. Ent. Soc. Ont., p. 44, 98. 1903: Felt: 18th Rpt. St. Ent. N. Y., p. 123. 1903: Sempers: Inj. Insects (W. A. Burpee Co.) 17th ed., p. 178, fig. 155. 1903: Tower: Zool. Jahrbuch, 7 (pt 3): 520. 1904: Titus and Pratt: Bul. 47, Bur. Ent. U. S. Dept. Agr., p. 67. 1904: Felt: 19th Rpt. St., Ent. N. Y., p. 184. 1905: Banks: Bibliog. Am. Ec. Ent., pt. 8, 1900-1904, inc. 1905: Currie: Bul. 53, Bur. Ent. U. S. Dept. Agr., p. 32. 1906: Fletcher: 36th Rpt. Ent. Soc. Ont., p. 84. 1906: Folsom: Entomology, ed. 1, pp. 58, 381. 1906: Weise in H. R. & W.: Cat. Coleop. Eur., ed. 2, p. 635. 1907: Close: 16-18th Rpts Del. Agr. Exp. Sta., p. 106. 1907: Pierce: Ann. Rpt. Neb. St. Bd. Agr., p. 258. 1907: Webster: Bul. 69, Bur. Ent. U. S. Dept. Agr., pp. 55, 89. 1908: Pierce: Bul. 79, Bur. Ent. U. S. Dept. Agr., p. 41. 1908: Houghton: Journ. Ec. Ent., 1: 297, 298, 299. 1908: Fletcher: 38th Rpt. Ent. Soc. Ont., p. 127. 1908: Sanderson: Ins. Inj. Staple Crops, ed. —, pp. 177-9, fig. 98. 1909: Webster, R. L.: Entom. News, 20: 81. 1909: Folsom: Bul. 134, Ill. Agr. Exp. Sta., pp. 155-164, figs. 13-16. 1909: Bur. Ent.: Yearbook f. 1908, U. S. Dept. Agr., p. 569. 1910: Webster, R. L.: Journ. Ec. Ent., 3: 502. 1910: Pettit: Bul. 258, Mich. Agr. Exp. Sta., pp. 44-46, figs. 11, 12. 1910: Titus: Bul. 110, Utah Agr. Exp. Sta., p. 19. 1910: Titus: Journ. Ec. Ent., 3: 460. 1910: Smith: Cat. Ins. N. Jersey, p. 381, fig. 157. 1911: Webster, F. M., in Westgate and Hillman, Farmer’s Bull. 455, p. 39, fig. 22. Curculio austriacus: 1781: Schrank: Enumer. Insect. Austriae, p. 123, no. 334. 1784: Herbst: Fues. Archiv., 5: 82, no. 79. 1789: Villers: Entom. Suec. Fauna., 1: 214, no. 177; 4: 281, no. 177. 1790: Gmelin: Linn. Syst. Nat. ed. xiii, p. 1778, no. 324. 1790: Olivier: Hist. Nat. Ins. 5: 571, no. 56. 1795: Herbst: Nat. Ins. Kafer, 6: 243, no. 207, T. 77, fig. 11. 1795: Panzer: Fauna Ins., civ. no. 8. 1800: Paykull: Fauna Suecia Insecta, 3: 306, no. cxxix. 1802: Marsham: Entom. Brit., 1: 302, no. 184. Brachyrhinus austriacus: 1804: Latreille: Hist. Nat. Gen. et parc., 11: 179, no. 89. Rhynchenus austriacus: 1813: Panzer: Ind. Fauna Germ., p. 200, no. 21. 1813: Gyllenhal: Ins. Suecica, 1 (pt 3): 108, no. 38. 1819: Samouelle: Entom. Useful Comp., p. 369. 1819: Samouelle: Nomen. Brit. Ent. Alphab. Arrang., 1: 36. 1820: Billberg: Enum. Insect., p. 42. Hypera punciata var. austriaca: 1871: Gemminger & Harold: Cat. Coleop., 8: 2386. Phytonomus punctatus var. austriacus: 1901: Petri: Monogr. Coleop. Trib. Hyperini, p. 202. 1901: Petri. Bestim.-Tab. Coleop. Hft. 44, Hyperini, p. 39. 1911] Hypera and Phytonomus in America 401 Curculio pictus: P 1785: Fourcroy: Entom. Paris., 1: 117, no. 5. 1789: Villers: Entom., Fauna Suec., 1: 216, no. 187; 4: 282, no. 187. Hypera punctata var. picta. 1871: Gemminger & Harold: Cat. Coleop., 8: 2386. Curculio linzensis: 1790: Gmelin: Linn. Syst. Nat. ed. xiii, p. 1799, no. 477. Hypera punctata var. linzensis: 1871: Gemminger & Harold: Cat. Coleop., 8: 2386. Phytonomus punctata var. linzensis: 1901: Petri: Monogr. Coleop. Trib. Hyperini, p. 202. 1901: Petri: Bestim.—Tab. Coleop., Hft. 44, Hyperini, p. 39. Curculio medius: 1802: Marsham: Entom. Brit., 1: 302, no. 185. Phytonomus proximus: 1833: Carmagnola: in Villa Cat. Col. Eur. dupl., p. 24. 1843: Sturm: Cat. Coleop. Sammlung, p. 201. Hypera punctata var. proxima: 1871: Gemminger & Harold: Cat. Coleop., 8: 2386. Phytonomus rufus: 1834: Boheman in Schénherr: Gen. et sp. Curc., 2 (pt 2): 402. 1842: Boheman in Schénherr: Gen. et sp. Curc. 6 (pt 2): 1844: (Dohrn): Cat. Col. Eur., p. 52. 1849: (Dohrn): Cat. Coleop. Eur., p. 61. 1858: Dohrn: Cat. Coleop. Europ., p. 79. Hypera punctata var. rufa: 1871: Gemminger & Harold: Cat. Coleop., 8: 2386. 1877: Stein & Weise: Cat. Col. Eur., ed. 2, p. 148. 1883: Weise in H. R. & W. Cat. Coleop. Eur., ed. 4, p. 159. 1891: Weise in H. R. & W.: Cat. Coleop. Eur., p. 303. Phytonomus punctatus var. rufus: 1901: Petri: Monogr. Coleop. Trib. Hyperini, p. 202. 1901: Petri: Bestim.—Tab. Coleop. Hit. 44, Hyperini, p. 39. Phytonomus punctatus var. hostilis: 1837: Dejean: Cat. Coleop. Coll. Dejean, ed. 3, p. 287 (credited—Ziegler). 1901: Petri: Monogr. Coleop. Trib. Hyperini, p. 202. 1901: Petri: Bestim.—Tab. Coleop. Hit. 44, Hyperini, p. 39 (hortilis). Hypera punctata var. hostilis: 1871: Gemminger & Harold: Cat. Coleop., 8: 2386. Phytonomus opimus: : 1876: Leconte: Rhyncophora of North America, p. 124, 415. 1884: Reinecke: Buffalo Freie Press, 12 Aug. 1884: Reinecke: Bul. Br’ktyn. Ent. Soc., 7: 76. 1882: Leconte: Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. 9: proc. p. xxxvi. Hypera opimus: 1880: Austin: Supp. Check List Coleop. N. Am., p. 45, no. 8881. Phytonomus fallaciosus: 1896: Desbrochers: Frelon, 5: 67. 402 Annals Entomological Society of America [Vol. IV, Original Description: Fabricius, 1775, p. 15@, as Curculio punctatus. “punctatus. 119. C. brevirostris, fuscus, elytris punctis, holoseri- ceis elevatis; marginecue flavo. “Habitat in Suecia. “Major, ovata, Rostrum brevissimum. Thorax gibbus, glaber. Elytra striato punctata, et praeterea punctis elevatis, holosericeis atris adspersa.” Adult: (Plate XXV). Length 5 to 10mm. Width 3 to 5.7 mm. Stout, black or brownish black. Clothed with blackish brown pale brown, yellow-brown or gray scales which are short broad and emar- ginate at the tips, and with short erect bristles, edge of elytra yellow brown or at least paler than remainder of scales. Head clothed with short metallic yellowish scales; front not as wide as breadth of eye, densely clothed with dark yellow hairs or scales which extend over two-thirds of the beak. eyes elongate oval, narrowed beneath, rather prominent; beak scarcely two-thirds the length of the prothorax, and one-half thicker at tip than width of front, beneath on the sides and near the tip polished and densely punctate; an elongate impression on dorsal surface above the antennal groove; antennal groove black, deep, punctured; antenne reddish-black, scape reaching to middle of eyes, not as long as funicle, not greatly enlarged at tip; first joint of funicle distinctly longer than seccnd, enlarged at the apex so that it is about one-half as thick as long, second joint equal to three and four united, joints three to seven regularly shorter and broader, seven as wide as long, club elongate-oval, pointed at tip, antennze with.many fine hairs, those on club very fine and dense. Mandibles polished, dull red, not emarginate at tip, maxillz and ail the palpi pale brownish-red. Prothorax broader than long, broader in female than in male, in the female broadly widened in front of the middle, in the male converging more behind than in female; sides broadly impressed, only slightly swollen; dorsum densely rather coarsely punctured, densely clothed with scales and with many slender pointed hairs; usually with a narrow pale median dorsal line bordered by wide dark, almost black in some, bands of scales which reach to the sides; sides and beneath with dark yellow scales, generally with a dark spot on sides behind and an indis- tinct dark line running from this spot toward the front. Scutellum extremely small, narrowly triangular, clothed with pale scales. Elytra very broad, at tip broadly rounded, sides especially in the male nearly parallel, humeri prominent and clothed with darker scales. Suture and alternate interspaces more strongly elevated than others, deeply striately punctured, striae without setae; each interspace with a single row of black setae pointing backward and partially decumbent, more erect behind; tip of elytra and often the sides with some short white hairs. The coloration of the scales varies from solid gray to black, through various shades of brown yellows. Some specimens are tes- selated with brownish-yellow and black, the tesselation usually on the more elevated interspaces. : 1911] Hypera and Phytonomus in America 403 In the male the outer interspaces have paler scales even in the darkest specimens, in the female this pale coloration is sometimes, but rarely, entirely absent. Venter with lighter colored scales and many light hairs; front cox slightly separated, mesosternal process between middle coxe broad perpendicular, triangular at tip; intercoxal process of first abdominal segment very broad, coxze separated by more than their width. First segment in male impressed, emarginate posteriorly. Stem -of male genitalia (Pl. XXIV, fig. 14), nearly or quite as broad as long. Legs short, stout, especially the femora; black, tarsi often fer- ruginous, claws long curved, red and darker at tips; front tibiae and hind femora distinctly curved, front tibia more so in male; legs usually clothed with lighter scales and hairs than the body, femora scaled, tibiz and tarsi sparsely haired; middle tibiz with a distinct apical hook. Egg: elongate oval, 1.1 mm. to 1.2 mm. long, 0.5 to 0.6 mm. broad, very regularly hexagonally sculptured. The sculpture at one end often merging into striz. As the larva develops the egg changes from an orange or chrome yellow to a dull black. Larve: (Pl. X XVI, fig. 1). (Descriptions from Riley, Folsom and observations by the author). First stage: 1.5 to 2 mm. long, narrow, thickest at middle, tapering toward both ends; head brown, blackish- brown or black, with many fine transverse lines on the face; eyes very small, circular, projecting; mandibles terminating in two large sharp teeth, more or less separated, the lower one again divided into two or three parts; palpi pale yellow, mandibles brown or dark brown; dorsum of first thoracic segment with a rectangular dark band interrupted by a paler dorsal line which is the continuation of the stem of an inverted Y on the face, this dorsal band becomes wider on the abdominal segments and extends to the tip of anal segment. Hairs on the tubercles clavate as in several other species. Color varies with place of feeding, if con- cealed in bud or stalk is very pale, if exposed is more or less green. Second stage: Color greener, head dark brown, front and sides of rectangular plate on first thoracic segment dark, the remainder green- ish; dorsal median line with a fine dark border, darker than the remain- der of the larva. Side line below spiracles indistinct. Length 44.5 mm., width 2 mm. Third stage: Black lines on each side of dorsal line very distinct; head as in second stage, eyes densely black, antennz darker; color ot larve (Folsom) may be blue green. Usual color pale green. Length 5 to 7 mm., width 2.5 to 3 mm. in the middle. Fourth stage: Dorsal line very white indistinctly bordered by rose color, usually rather pale but sometimes rosy-black, the outer borders of this coloration are black and form distinct lines, interrupted on the margin of each segment; head very dark brown; larva much darker green; lines below the spiracles dark both showing a tendency to be brown or blackish, anal segments brown; the surface of the body much rougher in this stage than in others, the triangular points of the cuticle standing out prominently; tubercles on the thoracic segments below very strong and the hairs more prominent than in earlier stages. Length 8 to 14 mm. 404 Annals Entomological Society of America [Vol. IV, Cocoon: (Plate XXVI, fig. 2). A fine network of rather coarse brown threads, not so dark as in comptus, but the reticulations closer than in any species studied. Oval, 9-10 mm. long and 6.5 to 7 mm. wide. Pupa: (Plate XXVI, fig. 4, 5). When first formed with yellow-green head, small brownish-black eyes, yellow antennez, legs and wing-pads paler. Abdomen dark green with a distinct pale dorsal line that extends onto prothorax but in those I have seen not onto the head. Frontal row of hairs rather distant from margin; central pairs close together, three following pairs form a curved line ending near the posterior outer edge; a few hairs on remainder of thorax; transverse rows of blunt ~ setze on each dorsal abdominal segment; hairs on beak rather short and thin; those on anal segment moderately long, stout and dark. Length 5.5-7 mm. Width 3.5-4.5 mm. Probably some are larger than these measurements show. Map 2. Distribution of Hypera punctata Fab. in America. 1911} Hypera and Phytonomus in America 405 Distribution: The species was described by Fabricius in 1775 from Sweden, and both Schaeffer and Geoffroy list it without a name. Nearly all of the earlier writers mention it and in 1826 Curtis made it the type of Germar’s genus Hypera. It is common over all Europe and northern Asia, occurs and probably also common in central Asia and in China. Asia ‘Minor and the north coast of Africa appear to be more rarely inhabited by this species, zsabellinus taking its place in Egypt. It is becoming well distributed over the United States and southern Canada, occurring now on both coasts and at least as far south as Texas, Tennessee and North Carolina. The following records are based on literature, specimens seen, and records sent me by various collectors. The type of epimus is from the Melsheimer collection and is an almost perfect specimen of the pure gray form. The Canadian specimen mentioned in 1876 by Leconte was received by him from Mr. D’Urban of the Geol. Survey of Canada about 1850-55. It was not until 1881 that the species was again reported, when it occurred at Barrington, N. Y.; in 1882 Lintner took a specimen in Vermont. In 1884 punctatus reached Canada in numbers, flying across the lake from Buffalo to Ridgeway, 1889 it occurred in several places in Ohio, prob- ably having reached there the previous year. Hamilton reports it from Western Pennsylvania in 1891 and Schwarz identified a beetle taken from the stomach of a crow killed in Michigan in 1892 as this species. Southward by 1890 it had spread over New Jersey and reached Philadelphia where it was very common (Liebeck). The year 1894 gave records from Maryland, Michigan, W. Virginia (Hopkins), and Indiana. C. T. Brues took it in 1897-98 along the shore of Lake Michigan at Chicago, it being one of the very common species at that time. Folsom records its first appearance at Urbana as 1903 and it was common there in 1904. In Pennsylvania, Stewart and Rath- von report it in 1891 and it apparently soon afterward reached Maryland and the District of Columbia, since in 1894 it was seriously damaging clover in western Maryland. Lintner in 1893 received specimens from a correspondent at Hillsboro, Va., where it was then troublesome. Franklin Sherman, Jr., writes me that he collected specimens in North Carolina in 1901; there are specimens in the Brues collection from Austin, Texas, 1901-2. I have specimens collected at Memphis, 406 — Annals Entomological Society of America [Vol. IV, Tennessee, in 1906, and took one female at N. Topeka, Kansas, 17, September, 1910. R. L. Webster reported it from Iowa in 1910. On the west coast Hanham reported it from Van- couver in 1902 (Fletcher) and in 1906 E. S. Wilmot states it that was up the Fraser River as far as Harrisons, about twenty miles from the south line of British Columbia. It was not until 1905 that it was reported from Ottawa, Ontario (Har- — rington). There are specimens in the Blaisdell and Van Dyke collections from San Francisco, 1908, and in the Van Dyke collection from near Seattle, Washington, 1907, G. I. and Miriam Reeves collected it at Vancouver, Wash., in 1911. Felt (27 litt 1911) gives a large number of New York records and says distributed commonly over the entire state. Blatchley (in litt. 1911) states that it is in all parts of Indiana. Maine: Old Orchard Beach (Fall coll.); York Beach (Frost coll). New Hampshire: Base Mt. Washington ix—19-09 (Frost). Vermont: Hartland (U.S. N. M.). Massachuseits: Framingham viti-4—06, vii—5—06, 1x—/—07 (Frost); Bedford (Frost); Forest Hills winter and fall 1910-11 common; Salisbury, Lynn, Wakefield, Marion (Fall coll); Stoneham iv—2 (Sherriff); Brookline viii-13, Boston viii—20-02, iv-6-04 Parshley (B. S. Nat. Hist.); Nantucket Id (Bolter coll.). Rhode Island: Providence 18-Sep-02 Armstrong (U. S. N. M.); Kingston. Connecticut: Stratford 1891 (Ins. Life); common from rec- ords by Britton, (7m litt, 1911), which include the following: New Haven, 9 Nov., 1903, pair in coitu, H. L. Viereck; 16 Oct., 1903, 18 Aug., 1903, B. H. W.; 16 Aug., 1904, B. H. W.; 9 July, 1909, B. H. W., 12 Sep., 1907, W. E. Britton; Poquonock, 7 July, 1903, B. H.-W.;’Cromwell, 14 Aug; 1903; (Bee E. Hartford, 21. Aug., 1903, B. H. W.; Colebrook, 21 July, 1905—June, 1911. (Titus); Brantord, 20 Aug. / sept ous H. W. W-.; Westville; 3Sep:, 1905, 9 Sep., 1907, Weettaee: Stonington 7 July, 1906, G. A. Hyslop. New York: Oscana Lake, Aug., 1891, (Van Dyke coll.); Ithaca, 1895 (Ohio U.) 1885, 18 July, 1 Sep., and 1890, 10 May, and many other dates (Cornell Univ.) Thousand Isles 9—21, Danley Corners 16-Aug.—85, Motts. Corners, 23 Aug.,—85 (Cornell U.);"Berington, Yates Co., July, 188254: Bsr ee 1911] [Typera and Phytonomus in America 407 N. M.); Dundee 13-3, Rockaway Bch (U. S. N. M.); Babylon Je 18, G. D. Bradford, Staten Id (A. M. N. H.); Buffalo in many collections; from Dr. Felt (in htt.) Albany, Buffalo, Canandaigua, Coeymans, Ithaca, Karner, Mosholu, Marl- borough, Newport, Oswego, Phoenicia, Pike, Sheepshead Bay. New Jersey: Distributed over entire state, (J. B. Smith). N. Brunswick, June, vi-15, Mcnmouth, Chester ix—l1; Sea Isle City 5-29, Jamesburg, June; Woodbury 6-19; Anglesea 6—26, Avalon 7—25, Westville 8-13; Atlantic City 6-24 (coll. J. B. Smith); Anglesea 1-28; Phila. Neck 1-31, Malaga ix—18 (coll. Wenzel); Highlands N. J. (U. S. N. M., Mich. Agr. Coll.); Cape May, Ft. Lee (A. M. N. H.); Highlands 8-7—90, (Soltau) mmetesen 22-7 (U.S. N: M.); Hopatcong (A. M: N. H.). Pennsylvania: Bucks Co (J. B. S.); Crooked Ck, Allegheny (Felt coll.); W. Park (Wenzel); ‘‘Pa’”’ (Horn coll.); Pa (Bolter coll.). Maryland: See records above under general distribution. Delaware: Close 1907, records from state. District of Columbia: Washington 11-8, 11-7 (U. S. N. M.) common (Schwarz). Virginia: Falls Ch. (Felt list). Common (Schwarz). West Virginia: Berkeley and other counties (Hopkins) ; Morgantown (Felt list). North Carolina: Raleigh 22 Oct., 1901, Newton, Aug., 1902 (Sherman). Tennessee: Memphis (Titus coll.) 1906. Texas: Austin, 1901-2 (Brues coll.). Michigan: Detroit, Sep. 2, Hubbard and Schwarz (U. S. N. M.). Common. Ohio: N. E. Ohio, 1890 (Webster) ; Wooster, 1893:(Webster) ; Lucas Co., 1893 (Hine); Cincinnati 1892 (Dury); Wauseon, April, 1894 (Hine); Sandusky, July 12, 1899; Big Chicken Id. Etre, 25 July, 1903, Columbus (Ohio State University); Cleveland, June 23 (Webster); Cuyahoga Falls, 14—viii—04 (Warner, U. S. N. M.). Indiana: Indianapolis (Fall coll.); Stilesville ix-18 (Wick- ham coll.); common throughout state (Blatchley). Illinois: Chicago, 1897-1898, common (Brues); Urbana, ix—26-10 Titus; Cobden ix—25-10, (Titus); in coll. Field Col. Mus: Willow Spr. viii—17—07, viii-31—07; Roby ix—7~06; Cook Co. (Chope); Chicago ix—2, (Brand); Glencoe v—31-09, (Ger- hard); Carbondale ix—22—09 (Gerhard). 408 Annals Entomological Society of America [Vol. IV, Wisconsin: Bolter coll; Lugger coll.; Beaver Dam ix—4—10: (Van Dyke). Iowa: Burlington, April, 1910 (Webster, R. L.). Kansas: North Topeka, 17 Sep., 1910 (Titus). Washington: Washington Lake near Seattle v-9-07, 1x—9-07 (Van Dyke); Vancouver (G. I. & M. Reeves). California: Mt. Lake near Presidio Mil. Res. San Francisco, May, ’08, (Blaisdell and VanDyke). Oregon: “Ore.” (U.S. N. M.). British Columbia: Victoria 1902 (Hanham), Harrison, 1903. (Wilmot). é Food Plants and Life History: In Europe this species has several times been reported as injurious locally, but only for short periods. The earliest record I have found is Villa’s statement at the time of the outbreak in the region of Lom- — bardy in 1868, when he says that Moretti in a revised edition of Gene’s publication in 1853 reports this species as injuring clover, and believes that this referred to a previous serious. injury about 1834-35. I have not seen the work mentioned. In 1868 the species caused serious damage in northern Italy so that a commission was appointed to investigate the matter and published several papers giving recommendations. Targione-Tozzetti in 1879 notes a severe outbreak in the region around Florence; Koppen in 1880 mentions its injuries to agriculture in Italy. Bargagli in his work on the Rhynco- phora writes of the species as injurious and in 1884 reports that the previous year it had been excessively abundant. He believed that this was due to the very dry year killing off the predaceous and parasitic insects that ordinarily keep it in check. Bertolini reports it from clover at Trento in 1893. It was again injurious in the region of Florence in 1902-1903. In America its first notice as an injurious species was in 1881 in New York when there was a severe outbreak and from this place it rapidly spread in all directions year by year. Five years later Arthur of the Geneva station studied the fungus that was then attacking it. This disease keeps the species well in check throughout the eastern states. However, when the species reaches the dry western climates it is probable that it will cause much more serious damage. The life history of the species was published by Riley in 1882 and a more recent paper by Folsom (1909) gives much additional information regarding its habits and distribution. 1911] Hypera and Phytonomus in America 409 The following account is condensed from Folsom’s most excellent paper on this subject, supplemented by observations I have made the past fall, winter and spring on the species in captivity and on the grounds of the Bussey Institution and other places around Boston. I have succeeded in forcing the larve through to pupation by the middle of March. The beetles of the year lay eggs throughout the fall from September until winter forces them into hibernation. Folsom states that he rarely found the weevils in early spring, those found being ‘‘either dead or in the last stages of decrepitude and evidently incapable of doing anything toward the propagation of their kind.” Eggs are laid in old clover stems, on the outside of green stems, leaf petioles and among young leaves, or on the ground amongst the debris at the base of the plant. In captivity the beetles freely deposited their eggs in the stems of growing alfalfa and clover. Asrelated by R. L. Webster the adults stand head downward boring the hole in which to deposit the eggs. with their beak. Apparently the majority of the eggs hatch in the fall, the young larve wintering over in various sizes ranging from those newly hatched of 1.5 mm. length to specimens 5 to 7 mm. long and certainly three-quarters grown. During the winter they may be found inside hollow stems, among the young leaves, or among the dried leaves about the base of the plants. On warm winter days they come out to feed on the young leaves, I have found them feeding in the bright sunshine on warm days in January and February; Glascow also reported finding larve feeding at this time of year (Folsom). In early spring the overwintering eggs begin to hatch and the larve that have been hibernating come out on the plants and feed. The very young larve eat small holes in the leaves while the older ones cut pieces out of the edge or even cut off young leaves. The damage to clover is sometimes quite severe and alfalfa plants show the riddling still plainer. The beetles feed on the leaves and stems, both eating off the parenchyma and making feeding punctures in the stems. Folsom gives the length of the egg-period in as 25 to 45 days. One lot of 54 eggs laid by one beetle in the insect- ary at Forest Hills were divided, 27 kept inside hatched in 18 days, while those placed outside hatched with an average of 31 days. 410 Annals Entomological Society of America [Vol. IV, According to Folsom the average for the first larval stage is about 9 days; and the others very variable. Larve reared by me in 1910-11 passed the first stage in 8-9 days, the second in 10-12, third in 15-16 and spun their cocoons 12-16 days later. The cocoon spinning occupies one or two days, Pupz are apparently formed about two days after the cocoon is finished. The pupal period (Folsom) is from 10 to 20 days. Beetles appear in Illinois as early as May 9 and as late as July 15. The period of greatest emergence being ‘‘the last week in June.” Copulation does not occur for several weeks or even more than a month after their appearance. Meanwhile they spend their time hidden during the day and coming out at night to feed. Both beetles and larve usually feed during the night. The largest number of eggs reported by Folsom was 40. Taking advantage of their propensity for continued mating I have supplied a female with fresh males and fresh food-plant after each egg-laying period; this combined with a warm room seemed to act as a stimulant and I received 68 eggs. Dissection later showed many undeveloped eggs in the ovaries. Folsom gives as foodplants “‘all kinds of clovers and alfalfa as well.’’ In central Illinois red clover is most heavily infested, alfalfa second and white clover third. Webster found that one year in Ohio the white clover was most seriously injured. Lintner reports the larve and adults feeding on beans, the latter especially on the pods. Kleine gives as the food-plants in Europe: Medicago sativa, Trifolium pratense and T. incarnatum and Helianthus tuberosus. Enemies: Riley reported Collops quadrimaculatus in the larval stage feeding on the eggs, and Cicindela repanda prob- ably preying upon the larve. Webster notes that larve are eaten by birds and that turkeys (especially), and chickens are very fond of them. In Europe Torka in 1907 reported, evi- dently quoting from Eckstein, finding the species in the stomach of Botaurus stellaria. The worst enemy of the insect is undoubtedly a fungus disease which attacks the larvae under favorable conditions sweeping them off in great numbers. This disease was first noted by Arthur in New York in 1885 and has since appeared wherever the Phytonomus has been distributed throughout the eastern and central states. Folsom states that it requires 1911] Hypera and Phytonomus in America All damp and not too cold weather to develop and affects the larve in October and November and again in April and May. This fungus is known as Entomophthora sphaerosperma Fres., and is a common disease upon many insects, the only other representative of the Coleoptera reported as attacked is a Lampyrid larva. The list of its hosts includes (Thaxter, 1888); in the Lepidoptera, imago of Colias philodice and larve of Pieris; in Hymenoptera several Ichneumons, and a Halictus; in Diptera, imago of the common house fly (Musca domestica) and representatives of several families of small diptera; in Coleoptera as noted above; Hemiptera, Aphis, Typhlocyba, larve, pup, imagines; in Neuroptera; imago of Limnephilus(?); Thrips in various stages of qa species on Solidago. This species of fungus occurs in Europe as well as in America, here being known from Maine to North Carolina and westward into the Mississippi Valley. The fungus develops in the body of the host, as a network of branching mycelia, some of the branches push through the ventral wall and become attached as rhizoids to some surface; over the body is formed a gray velvety coating of fine threads which have penetrated the skin; on the tips of some of these are formed conidia from these come temporary spores which are shot away for some distance and may thus alight upon another host and begin. to grow. Resting spores develop inside the host and probably may thus live over until the next season. The sick larve crawl up the plants during the night, ascend- ing as high as possible, if on a slender stem or a grass blade they coil themselves about it in a horizontal position. Arthur (1885) states that they die by noon, remaining in this position and during the late afternoon have changed to a velvety gray. By the next morning the larva is only a blackened shriveled mass. This disease is so destructive to the larve of Phytonomus nigrirostris and Hypera punctata that there is rarely any cause for worry on account of their injurious habits in the Eastern States. When they appear in numbers any season they are nearly all’ killed before reaching maturity. 412 Annals Entomological Society of America [Vol. IV, Phytonomus eximius Leconte. Phytonomus eximius: 1876: Leconte: Rhyncophora of N. America, p. 414, no. 4-5, p. 415. 1877: Popenoe: Tr. Kans. Acad. Sc., 5:38-9. 1881: Riley: American Naturalist, 15: 912. 1882: Riley: Report of the Entomologist, p. 111. 1883: Riley: in Rpt. U. S. Dept. Agr., p. 171. 1883: Lintner: lst Rpt. St. Ent. N. Y., p. 248. 1885: Henshaw: Cat. Coleop. Am. N. of Mex., p. 137, no. 8231. 1898: Beutenmuller: Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc., 1:40. 1909: Webster, R. L.: Entom. News, 20: 81. Hypera eximius: 1880: Austin: Supp. Check list Coleop. N. Amer., p. 45, no. 8885. Adult: (Plate XXVII, fig. 6-8). Length 4.8-5.5 mm. Width 1.5—-2 mm. Black, densely clothed with golden-yellow, rust-red, brownish-black or black scales or some combination of the colors, hairs sparse, usually pale. Head densely, finely punctured, scales dense on head, especially between the eyes, sparse on beak; front narrow, scarcely as wide as beak at tip, about as wide as one eye; eyes oval, scarcely elongate, narrowed beneath very slightly; beak not as long as prothorax, generally covered with fine punctures which often merge into striz that extend almost to the tip which is a little widened, apical two-thirds of beak sparsely clothed with long pale or black hairs; antexne black, not densely haired, very long in proportion to size of the insect; scape reaching at least to the eyes, first funicular joint as long as three following, enlarged at tip, second joint as long as third and fourth united, club long pointed, densely pubescent with very fine short hairs. Prothorax as long as wide, narrowed in front, sides obliquely sloping back for two-thirds of length, then slightly contracted to posterior edge, sides somewhat swollen, impressed behind; dorsum and sides clothed with ribbed scales that are almost quadrate in form, and with a few short pale or white hairs. Scutellum narrowly triangular, scales yellow. Elytra at base one-third wider than widest part cf prothorax, gradually widening for two-thirds of length where they become almost one-half wider than prothorax, then gradually sloping to the rounded tip; scales as on prothorax, hairs on interspaces very. sparse, inter- spaces flat; punctures of the striz without hairs. In some specimens the scales are dark yellow with tesselated brown or black spots on alternate interspaces beginning with the sutural area; others are rust- red either uniformly scaled or with spots of brown, yellow or gray scales intermixed, or they may be covered entirely with gray scales. Venter with entire surface clothed with paler scales and fine pale hairs; these hairs are especially evident in a small area on the mesoster- num; abdominal surface often rubbed so that it appears spotted with black; mesosternal process between middle coxe elevated, narrowly linear, ending in a rounded point; intercoxal process of first abdominal segment broad; male genitalia (Plate XXIV, fig. 7) with stem broad, sides obliquely sloping to a broadly rounded tip. 1911] Hypera and Phytonomus in America 4138 Legs black, last tarsal joint, especially of hind legs usually pale, femora all clothed with scales, tibia and tarsi with pale hairs, front tibie in male curved, with a distinct thin process apically on the inside, crown of spines on tibiz pale yellow. YR. eximivs ov. quedvicollis Map 3. Distribution of Phytonomus eximius Lec. and P. quadricollis Lec. Distribution: Type locality, Topeka, Kansas, 2 specimens from E. A. Popenoe, one of which is in the Mus. Comp. Zool., in the Leconte collection. Dom. of Canada: Manitoba: Aweme, 2—vii-07, 11—June—03, 7-vi-08, 15—vii-08 (all in coll. Norman Criddle). Umited States: Illinois: 5 in Bolter coll. Univ. of IIl. Iowa: lowa City (coll. Wickham) (R. L. Webster. in litt.) 414 Annals Entomological Society of America [Vol. IV, Nebraska: ‘‘Neb.”’ (collections U. S. N. M., Schaeffer, Fall, Wenzel): Lincoln, H: Soltau, 5-5 (U2'S. NM). iigeaher Bruner, May 3 (Mich. Agr. Coll.) Malcolm, vi-20-09, C. R. Oertels, vi-22-09 (coll. Frost); Lincoln, Salt basin, vi-26—09, H. Shoemaker (coll. Wickham); Kearney (coll. Wenzel). Kansas: “‘ Kan.’ (Horn coll. Am. Ent. Soc., Michagaies Coll., U. S. N. M., Fall ‘coll.); Douglas Co. May, Brawell (U..S> N. M.); Wilson Co. 4-17-97: (coll: Cornell Uae Benedict Ks, 4-23-96, W. Knaus; Onaga Ks (coll. VanDyke). Texas: Dallas (Mich. Agr. Coll.); Bolter coll. 1. Colorado: Florissant June, ’07, Cockerell, (2 in Fall coll.): Horn coll. Am. Ent, soc. 1 Food plants: Rumex brittanicus and probably other species. Life History: Popenoe (1877) bred the type specimens from pupae in cocoons found on the leaves of Rumex brittanicus. He states that the cocoon is yellow brown, loosely interwoven, broad in outline, and the pupze very ‘‘nervous’’ when dis- turbed. Warren Knaus, McPherson, Kansas (im litt 1911) states that he collected specimens in copula 23 Apr., 1896 in Wilson Co., Kansas on a species of Rumex and that young larve were then present feeding on the leaves and flowers, the season was late and the beetles were disappearing. Phytonomus quadricollis Leconte. Phytonomus quadricollis: 1876: Leconte: Rhyncophora of North America, p. 126, no. 8, p. 415. 1885: Henshaw: Cat. Coleop. Am. N. of Mex., p. 137, no. 8235. 1909: Webster, R. L.: Entom. News, 20: 81 (in error). Hypera quadricollos: 1880: Austin: Supp. Check list Coleop. N. Am., p. 45, no. 8888. Adult: (Plate XXVII, figs. 3-5). Length4 mm. Width 1.5mm. Elongate, black or ‘‘blackish brown”’, with dense closely set gray or dull yellow small rounded scales; legs pale red. Head clothed with coarse hairs; front much wider than width of eye, flat; eyes elongate-oval; beak as long as prothorax, rather slender, at least three times as long as wide; tip slightly enlarged, a few sparse punctures on the glabrous portion, feebly carinate; antenne brownish red, scape reaching to the eyes, smooth, first joint of funicle as long as two following or nearly so, club elongate, second and third funicle joints subequal. Prothorax square, slightly narrowed in front, sides variable but never more than scarcely rounded; polished with closely set shallow punctures in which the scales and hairs rest. Elytra much wider than posterior margin of prothorax, oblong- oval, humeri rounded, sides almost parallel, rounded at tips; strice 1911} Hypera and Phytonomus in America 415 impressed, punctured, each puncture with a short white thick hair or seta; a single row of white sete, short and stout in front and longer behind on each interspace; interspaces not elevated. Setz on all parts of insect more or less decumbent; scales very evenly, regularly set, so that they appear almost as if in rows on the interspaces; color very uniform dull yellow or dirty white or gray. In one specimen there is almost a complete tesselation, with pale brown quadrate maculz on the yellow ground. Venter with scales usually paler and on abdomen intermixed with transverse rows of short white hairs; mesosternal process between middle coxe long, narrow, enlarged at tip, elevated; intercoxal process of first abdominal segment broad at base and rapidly curving to a blunt point. Stem of male genitalia (Plate XXIV, fig. 8) gradually and evenly rounded to the blunt tip, sides parallel for two-thirds of length, edges not strongly curved inward. Legs pale red, claws dark red; femora only little curved; femora clothed in front with scales; tibize and tarsi and usually the femora clothed behind with long stout hairs; tibiz and tarsi clothed in front with hairs or scales or both, crown of spines on posterior tibize short and yellow; sometimes all the legs are entirely covered with short hairs or setze and with.scales. Heuribuivon: (See Map. 3). Type locality, “Dacota,” “1 specimen in Leconte collection, Mus. Comp. Zoology. I have seen a number of specimens of this species collected by Norman and Evelyn Criddle on Rumex venosus along streams at Aweme, Manitoba (23—vi-08, Criddle coll.) (v-26—04, Wenzel coll.), vi-11—03, (Wickham coll.) and also one specimen in the Horn collection (Am. Ent. Soc.) from Colorado. R. L. Webster (1909) records the species from ‘“‘ Ykn,”’ Las Vegas, N. Mex., and Wyoming (Bolter coll.), but an examination of these specimens shows that they do not belong in the tribe Hyperini. Phytonomus comptus Say. Phytonomus comptus: 1831: Say: Desc. of N. American Curculionidae, p. 12-13. 1834: Gyllenhal in Schénherr: Gen. et sp. Curc. 2(pt. 2): 384. 1842: Gyllenhal in Schonherr: Gen. et sp. Curc. 6(pt. 2): 380, no. 70. 1853: Melsheimer: Cat. Desc. Coleop. United States, p, 95. 1859: Leconte: Comp. Writing of Thomas Say, 1: 274. 1873: Crotch: Cat. Coleop. of N. Amer., p. 118, no. 6992. 1878: Hubbard & Schwarz: Proc. Am. Phil. Soc., 17: 663. 1879: Dury: Journ. Cin. Soc. Nat. Hist., p. ‘14. 1880: Zeisch & Reinecke: List Coleop. vic. Buffalo, p. 14. 1881: Zeisch & Reinecke: Bul. Buf. Soc. Nat. Hist., 4: 14. 1881: Riley: American Naturalist, 15: 912. 1882: Riley: Report of the Entomologist, p. 111. 1883: Riley: in Rpt. U. S. Dept. Agr. f. 1881-2, p. 171. 1883: Lintner: First Rpt. St. Entom. N. Y., p. 248. 416 Annals Entomological Society of America [Vol. IV, 1883: Brodie & White: Check List Ins. Dom. Canada, p. 47. 1885: Henshaw: Cat. Coleop. Amer. N. of Mex., p. 137, no. 8230. 1890: Smith: Cat. Ins. N. Jersey, p. 250. 1898: Beutenmuller: Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc., 1: 40. 1899: Smith: Cat. Ins. New Jersey, p. 348. 1902: Dury: Journ. Cin. Soc. Nat. Hist., 20: 182 (sep. p. 76). 1902: Ulke: Proc. U. S. N. Museum, 25: 355. (Dist. Columbia list). 1902: Wickham: Bul. Lab. Nat. Hist. St. Univ. p: 1907: Pierce: Ann. Rpt. Neb. St. Board Agr. p. 258. 1909: Webster, R. L.: Entom. News, 20: 81. 1910: Smith: Cat. Ins. New Jersey, p. 381. | Hypera compta: 1871: Gemminger & Harold: Cat. Coleoptera, 8: 2381. 1880: Austin: Supp. Check List Col. N. America, p. 45, no. 8884. Phytonomus dwersus: 1833: Dejean: Cat. Coleop. coll. Dejean, ed. 25 De 263. 1834: Gyllenhal in Schénherr: Gen. et sp. Curc. 2 (pt 2): 371. 1837: Dejean: Cat. Coleop. coll. Dejean, ed. 3, p. ge 1842: Gyllenhal in Schénherr: Gen. et sp. Cane 6 (pt 2): 372. 1873: Crotch: Cat. Coleop. N. America, p. 118, no. 6992a. Phytonomus rumicts var. diversus. Phytonomus rumicis var. comptus: 1901: Petri: Monog. d. Coleop.-Tribus Hyperini, p. 129, 202. 1901: Petri: Bestimm.-Tabel. Hft. 44, Hyperini, p. 40. Original description: Say, 1831, p. 12-13: “2. P. comptus.—Elytra with subquadrate, brown spots. Inhabits United States. ‘‘ Body cinereous-olivaceous covered with smali scales ; rostrum shorter than head and thorax, rather narrower at base; antenne and feet rufous; thorax somewhat rounded, with a much dilated brown, somewhat metallic vitta (p. 13) scutel small triangular; elytra with slightly im- pressed, but punctured striz, interstitial lines flat, with more or less brown quadrate spots, particularly near the suture, where they are alternate. ‘Length much over three-twentieths of an inch.” Aduli: (Plate XXIV, figs. 1, 3, 5, 6, 17; Plate XXVIII, figs= 1-4): Length 3.3-5 mm. Width 1.2-1.7 mm. Rich brown to reddish black and more rarely biack, thorax usually darker than the elytra; elongate; closely covered with small scarcely striate rounded scales. Antenne and legs ferruginous. Head small, very finely punctured, beneath with fine transverse lines; covered above and below with very narrow blunt scales, on the sides wider and more numerous; these scales are almost hairlike in character; eyes oval, slightly elongate without a fovea behind; front never as wide as an eye; beak about as long as the prothorax in the females, shorter in the males; slightly widened at the tip which is almost always entirely red, never with a earina, rarely curved strongly, usually with many short, scale like hairs on the black portion and a few long slender hairs near the tip on the polished portion, these are set in minute punctures; antennal groove not deeply curved downward, roughened, above it on the beak an elongate depression; antenne only slightly hairy, scape not nearly reaching to the margin of the eyes, polished, equal in length to the 1911] Hypera and Phytonomus in America 417 funicle, first funicle joint nearly twice as long as second, second longer than third, seventh joint broader and shorter than the others, last joint of club more elongate, longer than others, all covered with fine pube- scence; antennz inserted about one-third back from tip of beak. Prothorax slightly longer than wide, widest in the middle, anterior and posterior margins of almost the same width, sides rounded and im- pressed posteriorly, a deep impressed groove near the anterior sternal margin which extends upwards on the sides gradually becoming indis- tinct; anterior margin below with a fringe of hair projecting forward over the suture; punctures rather coarse and dense in each puncture lies a small narrow truncate or rounded scale. Scutellum small triangular, elongate and usually covered with finer paler scales. Elytra elongate-oval, narrow in front, sloping gradually outward for three-quarters of length and then quickly narrowed, from the side only slightly declivous behind; strize distinct, punctured, interspaces scarcely elevated, scales arranged irregularly on interspaces as compared with qguadricollis, but much more regular than in other species, often over- lapping, but never lying across the strize; no sete in the strial punctures. Venter covered with fine generally paler scales, abdomen flatter in male than in female and with a faint indication of an impression on the first segment; mesosternal process between the middle coxz elevated for half its length and broadly triangular, then curved backward contracted and again enlarged near the truncate point; the process of the metaster- num appears to fit into a socket on the under side of the mesosternal process; intercoxal process of third segment of abdomen not as wide as coxa, projected further forward than usual. Male genitalia (Plate I, figs. 5-6) with stem having elongate parallel sides for two-thirds of the length then curved smoothly in to the rounded point. Legs with all the coxe, and femora in front clothed with narrow scales, tibiz and tarsi with hairs which are sparsely set almost in rows and sometimes short and stout; crown of spines on hind tibia short and stout, spur of hind tibia very short, stout and red; tarsi above and claws usually darker than remainder of legs; pad on the third joints long and pale. The color of the adult beetle varies extremely; from a large number of specimens bred by Dr. J. B. Smith, at Trenton, N. J., I have found almost all the varieties sent from various localities over the United States. The prevailing color seems to be rust-red, which is evidently the color of the specimens described by Gyllenhal as diversus. Other specimens are brown, gray, grayish-green, metallic-red, gray or gray- green; others tesselated over the entire elytral surface with brown and black maculz on a background of red or brownish yellow scales; a few are metallic greenish-black. The specimens sent Schoenherr by Say are evidently small males of the obsoletely tesselated reddish forms. The relation with P. rumicis is only superficial and extends neither to the thoracic form, elytral markings, scale shape or genital structure. The metallic vitta mentioned by Say as occurring on the prothorax appears 418 Annals Entomological Society of America [Vol. IV, usually in the spotted forms and is rather rare; the common elytral basal spot so characteristic 9f the genus is indistinct or absent Egg: unknown. Larve: (Plate XXVIII, fig. 7). First stage not seen. Second or third stage: 4.5 mm. long, .6 mm. wide 1n the middle, dark brown above, pale below, Hairs very long and pointed, head jet black, first thoracic segment pale. . Fourth stage: 5-6 mm. long, 0.7—0.8 mm. wide in middle, very dark ~brown above except first thoracic segment and interrupted pale lines; paler on sides and below. A central dorsal row of pale spots occurs between the tubercles from the first abdominal to the anal segment; only faintly indicated on the thoracic segments. Tubercles of the ab- dominal dorsal segments in two rows, the first containing one tubercle on each side of the dorsal median line, the second having four pairs of tubercles, these are jet black and between them there are always pale spots; first lateral enlargements on each segment with a pair of black tubercles, second enlargements each with a single tubercle; anal segment on each side with a pair of tubercles in front of the second and third tubercles of the second row; last segment with the four tubercles of the second row on each side arranged in a diamond, more elongate laterally. Each tubercles is set with a long slender dark hair, none of the hairs appearing blunt or truncate. On the thorax the tubercles are more numerous on the first segment but on the others arranged as on the abdominal segment but without evident pale spots between. (De- scribed from alcoholic specimens loaned by Dr. J. B. Smith, collected in June on Polygonum at Trenton, N. J.) The colors of the living larvze may be somewhat different from those of alcoholic specimens and the arrangement of the thoracic tubercles, especially those on the first segment could be better understood from non-shrunken specimens. Cocoon: (Plate XXVIII, fig. 5). 45 mm. diameter, coarsely reticulate, of brown coarse threads, usually almost globular. (Speci- mens from Trenton, N. J., Indian Territory, Columbus, Ohio and Peg- rim, Ill.) Pupa: (Plate XXVIII, fig .6) 4mm. long by 1.8 mm. wide across the base of the wing-pads. Anterior line of prothoracic hairs close to margin, first three pairs in front, fourth and fifth on side; the two central pairs are on a line, almost with the fourth and fifth anterior and form a square; three posterior pairs on a curved line near the hind margin about equidistant from each other and the inner one the same distance from the posterior hair of the central pairs; all of these hairs very long and slender; hairs on the head and beak not so long; transverse réws of setee on the dorsal abdominal segments and rows of hairs on the terminal segment. Pupa dark on head, base of wing pads, parts of legs, meta- thorax above, and on parts of abdomen. (Described from one specimen from Dr. J. B. Smith, same lot as larve.) The coloration of the speci- men appears to have been affected by the alcohol in which it is preserved. Some of the segments are somewhat shrunken, especially on the abdomen. 1911} Hypera and Phytonomus in America 419 Map 4. Distribution of Phytonomus comptus Say. Distribution: Type locality, ‘‘United States,’ Say 1831. Generally distributed over the United States, Ontario and perhaps other parts of Canada. Ranging from Michigan to Texas, and from the Atlantic seaboard to the Rocky Moun- tains, also occurring in Oregon and Washington. Dominion of Canada: ‘‘Can.’’ (Horn coll. Am. Ent. 5oc.; Mus: Comp. Zool.; Coll: Mich. Agr. Coll.); Grimsby, Ont., (Pettit) (coll. Mich. Agr. Coll.; Amer. Entom. Soc.) United States: Massachusetts: ‘‘Mass.’’ (coll. Blanchard; coll. Horn, Am. Ent. Soc.); Tyngsboro 6-12-89 (Blanchard) ; Lowell (Blanchard); Chicopee 3, (Cornell Univ.); Framingham vi-24—08 (Frost); Sherborn vi-16-—09 (Frost); Andover vi-9-07 (Frost). 420 Annals Entomological Society of America [Vol. IV, New York: ‘‘N. Y.” (Bolter colli; U.S. N. Mo Ani Bae Soc.; Dietz coll. Mus. Comp. Zool.); Staten Id, 7—6—91 (Fall); Long Island, Staten Island (Linell, U. 5. N. M.); Buffalo (Am. Ent. Soc.). New Jersey:-‘‘N.,J.”’ (U.S. N. M.); Berkeley Hts. (Bischoff coll.); Ft. Lee (A. M. N. H.); Phila. Neck, Westville 4—26-, 6-23, Gloucester 8-17 (Wenzel coll.); in list Insects N. J. 1910 are recorded: Hopatcong (Palm); Ft. Lee (Schaeffer); Hudson Co. (Linell); Newark Dist. (Bischoff), Westville, Gloucester; and ‘‘on Polygonum;”’ I have also seen specimens of adults, larve and pupe from Trenton (J. B. Smith). Pennsylvania: “Penn.” (Horn Coll. Am. Ent. Soc.; Miels- heimer, Mus. Comp. Zool.). District of Columbia: Washington 7-11, 14-4, 8-4 (U. 5S. N. M.). Michigan: South Haven 6—-1—91 (Mich. Agr. Coll.) Grand Ledge 6-6 (Hubbard and Schwarz, U.S. N. M.); Detroit, June (Hubbard & Schwarz); ‘‘Mich. 144046”’ (Leconte coll. Mus. Comp. Zool.); also recorded in Wickham’s Lake Superior list. Ohio: Columbus (Ohio State Univ. coll.); recorded by Dury from vicinity of Cinicnnatt. Indiana: ‘‘Ind.” (coll. F. M. Webster; coll. Blanchard); Vigo Co., 5-29-92, 5-21-93, 6-25-92, 6—7—93, 6-10-98, 4-23-08, 7-8-02 (Blatchley). Illinois: “ENE (Bolter coll.);--" Ne IL Cluscerscare Peabody coll. Ill. St:. Lab. Nat. Hist.; Dietz coll. Mus @omp: Zool.; Bolter coll:); “*S. Ill. Soltau” «(Uz S: Ne IVM.); Aleoarcgad 17—July-—O9 Nason 222; Pegrim 4—Oct.—02 (Titus, coll. Ill. St. Lab. Nat. Hist.); the Nason specimen is in the Fall collec- t10n. Missouri: ‘‘Mo.” (Dietz coll. Mus. Comp. Zool.; Bolter coll..L St-cleaoae Iowa: Wickham coll. and Dietz coll. (Mus. Comp. Zool.). Arkansas: Blanchard coll. Indian Territory: “I. T.’’ (U. S. N. M.) one specimen with cocoon and another specimen of the same form and color. Texas: Columbus 8-11 (U. S. N. M.). - Nebraska: Horn coll. (Am. Ent. Soc.); Mus. Comp. Zool. Colorado: Colo. Springs (R. L. Webster 7m litt); Dixon Can. on willow, 30—June-92 (Gillette) and Spring Canon (Wick- ham’s list). These two latter localities are west of Ft. Collins in the edge of the foothills. 1911] Hypera and Phytonomus in America 421 Oregon: Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. 1. Washington: ‘‘W. T.” two in Horn coll. (Am. Ent. Soc.). The specimens reported by Dejean and Schonherr were given as from “‘America boreal.’’ Probably the Say specimen of comptus was from the Mississippi valley region, though his statement ‘“‘United States’’ would lead one to believe that he -had specimens from a number of places. Food Plants and Life History: Riley (1881) reports breeding this species from ‘‘ Polygonum nodosum.’ Dr. Smith bred it from a species of Polygonum in New Jersey. I have seen specimens from Columbus, Ohio, (Osborn), with the cocoon still attached to a leaf that appeared to be Polygonum. Through the kindness of Dr. S. A. Forbes I have permission to use some’ notes made by me while connected with the State Entomologist’s office several years ago. In October, 1902, I found several species of larve feeding on leaves and flowers of a Polygonum (identified for me by Dr. Gleason as probably P. hartwrightit) on the Hartwell ranch near Pegrim, Ill. At that time the country was flooded with water, only the top of the plants being above the water. The larve were almost full grown and some were already in the cocoons, others had changed to pupew. The cocoons were made on the upper side of the leaves, the edge being bent over to aid in concealment. I bred a number of adults and some parasitic Hymenoptera. Dr. Forbes very kindly loaned me this material and from it Mr. J. C. Crawford of the U. S. Nat. Museum has feeeeisca._____ _._—. the parasitic pupz of this Species were naked, jet black and formed in the cocoon of the host. In Biol. Cent. Am. Coleop. v.:4, pt. 4, p. 2, this species is incorrectly referred to as probably a synonym of P. rumicis. Phytonomus diversipunctatus Schrank. Curculio elongatus: 1792: Paykull: Monog. Curc. no. xlv. (nec. Fab. 1775). 1800: Paykull: Fauna Suecica; Insecta, 3:236, no. liii. 1834: Sahlberg: Ins. Fennica, 2: 49, no. 28. Rhynchaenus elongatus: 1813: Gyllenhall: Insecta Suec. 3:99, no. 31. 1820: Billberg: Enum. Insect. p. 42. 1840: Zetterstedt: Ins. Lapponica, p. 180, no. 11. Hy pera elongata: 1821: Dejean: Cat. coll. Coleop., ed. 1, p. 89. 1826: Sturm.: Cat. Ins. Sammlung, p. 157. 1848: Walton: Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (2) 1:300. 1849: Walton: Stett. Entom. Zeit., p. 258, 422 Annals Entomological Society of America [Vol. IV, 1869: Kraatz: Verz. Kafer Deutsch., p. 1871: Gemminger & Harold: Cat. Coleop., 8: 2382. 1871: Kirsch: Berl. Ent. Zeit., 15: 190. 1877: Stein & Weise: Cat. Col. Eur. ed. 2, p. 148. 1880: Austin: Supp. Check List Coleop. N. Amer., p. 45, no. 8882. 1884: Bargagli: Rass. Biol. Rinc. Europei, p. 93. 1884: Bedel: Col. Bassin de la Seine, p. 258, no. 13 and p. 78. 1881: Heyden: Cat. Coleop. Sibiria, p. 166. 1883: Weise in H. R. & W. Cat. Col. Eur., p. 159. 1889: Fauvel: Rev. Entom, 8: 157. 1891: Fowler: Brit:: Coleop., 5: 230, no. 234. 1891: Weise in H. R. & W.: Cat. Coleop. Eur. p. 304. 1896: Heyden: Cat. Coleop. Sibiria, ed. 2, p. 152. Phytonomus elongatus: 1826: Schoenherr: Curc. dispos. meth. pt. 4, p. 175 1829: Gebler: Lededour Reise d. Altai, p. 168. 1830: Gebler: Bemerk. d. Ins. Sibiriens vorz. d. Altai, 3: 168. 1833: Dejean: Cat. Coleop. coll. Dejean, ed. 2, p. 263. 1834: Gyllenhal in Schénherr: Gen. et sp. Curc. 2 (pt) 2: 374, no. 9. 1837: Dejean: Cat. Coleop. coll. Dejean, ed. 3, p. 286. 1842: Boheman in Schénherr: Gen et sp. Curc. 6 (pt 2): 369, no. 44. 1843: Sturm: Cat. Coleop. Kafer Sammlung, p. 201. 1844: (Dohrn): Cat. Col. Europe, p. 52. 1848: Gebler: Bul. Imp. Soc. Mosc. 21: 354. 1849: (Dohrn): Cat. Col. Eur. p. 61. 1849: Gaubil: Cat. Syn. Coleop. d’Eur. et d’Alg., p. 156. 1849: Redtenbacher: Fauna Austriaca, Die Kafer, p. 805. 1853: Zebe: Syn. d. bisher in Deutsch. aufgef. Coleop. p. 75 1855: Jac. du Val: Gen. Coleop. d'Europe, p. 109. 1857: Lentz: Neue Verz. d. Preuss. Kafer, p. 124. 1858: Matheiu: Ann. Ent. Sec. Belg., 2:197, no. 192. 1858: Dohrn: Cat. Coleop. Eur. p. 79. 1858: Redtenbacher: Fauna Austriaca, Die Kafer, ed. 2, p. 726. 1859: Schiodte: Berliner Entom. Zeit., p. 141. 1862: Schaum: Cat. Col. Eur., p. 1865: Thomson: Skand. Coleop., 7: 164, no. 6. 1866: de Marseul: Cat. Coleop. Eur. et. conf., p. 100, no. 40. 1868: Capiomont: Rey. d. Hyperides, p. 193, 283. 1876: Leconte: Rhyncophora of N. America, p. 125. 1877: Heyden: Jahrb. Nassau, Vereins, 29: 312. 1878: Schneider & Leder: Beit. kennt. Kauk. Kaferfauna, p. 287. 1881: Everts: Tijd. v. Entom., 24: 40. z 1884: Bargagli: Bul. Ent. Soc. Ital., 16: 166. 1885: Henshaw: List Col. Am. N. of Mex., p. 137, no. 8228. 1889: Hamilton: Tr. Am. Ent. Soc., 16: 155, no. 455. 1891: Seidlitz: Fauna Transsylv. p. 676. 1893: Everts: Tijd. v. Entom., 36: 81. 1901: Petri: Monog. Coleop.-Tribus Hyperini, p. 175, 201. 1901: Petri: Bestim. Tab. Coleop. Hft. 44, Hyperini, p. 29, 37. 1903: Everts: Coleop. Neerlandica, p. 602. 1906: Weise in H. R. & W. Cat. Col. Europ., p. 656. 1910: Kleine: Entom. Blatter, 6: 200. Curculio diversipunctatus: 1798: Schrank: Fauna Boica, 1 (pt 2): 494, no. 546. Hypera mutabilis: 1821: Germar: Germ. & Zincker Mag. 4: 341, no. 13. 1869: Giebel: Verz. z. Mus. Halle W ‘ittenberg, p. 44, no. 25. Phytonomus mutabilis: 1834: Gyllenhal in Schénherr: Gen. et sp. Curc., 2 (pt 2): 374, no. 10. 1844: (Dohrn): Cat. Col. Eur. p. 52. 1911} Iypera and Phytonomus in America 423 Hypera punctulata: 1821: Dejean: Cat. coll. Coleop., p. 89. (Credited to Ziegler). Hypera elongata var. variabilis: 1821: Dejean: Cat. Coleop. coll. ed. 1, p. 89 (Credited to Ziegler). Phytonomus elongatus var. variabilis: 1833: Dejean: Cat. Coleop. coil. Dejean ed., 2, p. 264. 1837: Dejean: Cat. Coleop. coll. Dejean, ed. 3, p. 286: ‘Original desrciption: Schrank: 1798, p. 494-5: “Curculio diversipunctatus. W ohnort:—Um Gern. AUSMESSUNG. Lang vom Grunde des Ruckenschildes bis zum After ...... .. 24’ Breit aber die Flugeldeckten .............06. 60.5. 1%’ Anm. Die Fohlhorner, Schienbeine, und Fussblatter muschelbraun; Russel und Kopf braunschwarz, erhaben punctirt, mit rostgelben einzelnen sehr kurzen Harchen in den Vertiesungen. Die Flugeldecke (denn es ist nur eine einzige, ohne alle Nahe, die zugleich die Seiten des Hinterleibes ziemlich an der Bauch hinab bedeckt) schwarzlicht braun mit Punctreisen; die Puncte entfernt, vertieft. Die Flugeldecke ist mit niederliegenden grauen sehr kleinen Haaren dicht bedeckt, die ihr das Ansehen geben, als wenn sie mit rothlichen Puncten dicht besaet ware. Vielleicht ist dieser Kafer Hrn. Herbsts Curculio suspiciosus und wenn das ware, so musten unsere beiderseitigen Benennungen in die viel bessere; Cure. Millefolii abgeandeart werden, indem die Larve des Herbstichen Kafers dei Blatter der Schaafgarbe abweidet.”’ Adult: (Plate XXVII, figs. 1-2). Length 5-11 mm. (according to Capiomont, although Petri saw no specimens as large as 11 mm.) Width 6 mm. (measured from thrée specimens Lignitz, Hildesheim, and the Greenland specimen in the Mus. Comp. Zoology). Body elongate, black, rather stout, scales cleft to the base, in the specimens seen the pubescence always gray or brown, very uniformly ‘distributed and generally of an uniform color. Head with front as broad as width of eye or broader, flat, densely pubescent; eyes nearly circular in outline; beak scarcely narrower than front at base, about, two-thirds as long as prothorax, densely punctured, punctures often in irregular striz, keel at base very indistinct, a long groove above the antennal insertion; antenne inserted near the tip of the beak, pale reddish brown or reddish yellow, club darker, scape reaching over the edge of the eyes but not to their middle, not as long as the funicle, first and second funicular joints very long, the first the longer, the second as long as third and fourth united, club elongate oval, pointed, densely pubescent, The fifth funicle joint is much the smallest. Prothorax broader than long, widest in front of the middle, strongly rounded, sides densely punctate, the punctures forming irregular striae, dorsum densely punctured, clothed with brown hairs, no scales present, and sometimes show a median and two side lines that are paler than the _ rest of the prothorax. ; Elytra narrow at base, only slightly wider than the thorax before the middle; humeri not very prominent, sides of elytra obliquely widened 424 Annals Entomological Society of America [Vol. IV,,. until the elytra become one-third wider than at base; deeply strongly | punctate in the striz; interspaces strongly elevated (less strongly so in female according to Petri, but I can see no difference); scales gray or brown, hairs brown and never occurring in single rows on the interspaces, rather short and depressed. Scales cleft to the base, processes not elongate. Venter sparsely clothed with scales and hairs, the former often metallic and not so deeply cleft as on dorsum, gray or gray-green; mesosternal process between the middle coxe elevated, narrowly triangu- lar at the point; intercoxal process of first abdominal segment broad and subtruncate at tip, last abdominal segment longer than two previous. ones united, a distinct depression on the first segment in the median line that extends onto the metasternum (at least in the male, the Greenland specimen has this portion hidden). Legs rather short, stout, femora 1n male nearly clavate,* anterior- tibize of male slightly curved, hind tibiz with a curved spine (said by Petri to be long) inside at the tip, crown of tibial spines short, stout, yellow. All the legs sparsely clothed with gray or silvery gray hairs. The mucronate process on hind tibiae appears to be w idened at the tip- and slightly emarginate. One of the specimens seen shows a tendency to be tesselated on the alternate interspaces beginning with the sutural one, the macule being brown on a gray background, but they are very indistinct. Larve: Lucas von Heyden (1877) in his Kafer Nassau states that his father, C. H. von Heyden, took the larve of this species when sweep- ing for insects in a meadow back of Offenbach (Germany) in May, near the end of the month; they were green with a white dorsal median line and in June changed to pupz without spinning a cocoon! ‘“Ohne”’ is quoted either to emphasize the fact or to note that it was so 1n the notes. of his father. He quotes then the description of the larve of Phy. plantaginis given by DeGeer, stating that the larve of Phy. elongatus is much like this description. However plantaginis spins a cocoon as. both DeGeer and Heyden note and DeGeer’s description would fit almost any green Phytonomus larva. Distribution: The species was described by Paykull from_ Sweden as Curc. elongatus. Schrank’s specimens of diverstpunc- tatus were from ‘‘Gern.’’ Capiomont reports the species from. North and Middle Europe, N. France, Belgium and England. Petri from E. Prussia and various points in Germany, Austria. and Hungary. The species is here included because of a single specimen received by Leconte from Chr. Drewsen from Greenland and now in the collection of Mus. Comp. Zool. at Cambridge, Mass. This one specimen is identical with European specimens I have in my collection. 1911] Hypera and Phytonomus in America 425 The name elongatus is preoccupied by a Fabrician species (1775), and must give way to diversipunctatus of Schrank or mutabilis Germar (1821). Germar states under his description of mutabilis that it is scarcely different from diversipunctatus Schrank. A comparison of the two descriptions leads me to believe that they are the same species. So far as I can ascer- tain no one has since Schénherr’s Monograph mentioned Schrank’s species, while mutabilis is generally considered a synonym of elongatus. Map 5. Distribution of Phytonomus diversipunctatus Schr. over world (page 61). The species appears to be more common in the northern parts of Europe and is recorded by Zetterstedt and others from Greenland, Finland, Norway and Sweden. Gebler records it from Barnaul, Siberia, as rare. Walton states the Stephens, Curtis, and other early English references to this species are incorrect, that they did not possess “‘elongatus’’ and that it is doubtful whether it occurs in the British Isles. Fowler says very rare, but I believe he is referring to the earlier writers’ notice of the species and not to any records that were certain. I have been unable to find further references to the names palustris, variabiis and punctulata than those given in the Dejean catalogues. It does not appear to me that the Dejean species were really described. Gyllenhal’s palustris 1s.certainly not this species. Kleine gives as food plants Plantago major and P. media. 426 Annals Entomological Society of America [Vol. IV, Phytonomus seriatus Mannerheim. Phytonomus seriatus: 1853: Mannerheim: Bul. Soc. Imp. Mosc., 26 (pt 3): 107, 243, no. 228 1873: Crotch: Cat. Coleop. of N. Am., p. 118, no. 6993. 1889: Hamilton: Trans. Am. Ent. Soc., 16: 155. 1909: Webster, R. L.: Entom. News, 20: 81. Hypera seriata: 1871: Gemminger & Harold: ae Coleop., 8: 2387. 1889: Fauvel: Rey ue Entom., 8: 157, no. 458. Phytonomus pubicollis: 1909: R. L. Webster: Entom. News, 20: 80. Original description: Mannerheim, 1853, p. 243: “228. Phytonomus seriatus: oblongus, niger, dense brunneo- aureo-pubescens et squamulosus; antennis pedibusque rufescentibus; rostro breviore, parum arcuato, thorace crebre punctulato, convexo, utrinque antrorsum rotundato, linets tribus e pilis pallidoribus flavescentibus notato, elytris subtiliter tenue e pilis palpunctulatis, sutura infuscata, interstitiis alternis 3, 5 et 7 nonnthil elevatioribus pilis flavogriscis densius obductis, 1,3,5 et7 maculis nigris seriatis. Longit. sine rostro 3 lin. Latit. 1 1-3 lin. “ Habitat in insula Kadjak, ubi mense August exemplare singulum in . baccic Rubi cepit D. Holmberg. “Ph. suspiciosus Herbst, Schonh. (militi Gyllenh.) affinis, sed thorace angustiore, densius squamoso, subtilius punctato, ante medium et non in ipso medio-rotundato-dilatato, elytrisque longioribus, levius striato- punctatis, maculis nigris in series quatuor regulares dispositis ab illo dignoscendus.”’ Adult: (Plate XXIX, figs. 6-7). Length 5.5-5.7 mm. Width 1.8 mm. Body black and legs dark, antennze rufous, club darker; oval, closely finely covered with broadly emarginate hairs and scales that are split almost to the base. Head clothed with thick hairs which are usually notched at the tip; distance between the eyes as great as the width of the eye in the female and almost as wide as the length of the eye in the male; eyes scarcely oval, medium in size; beak stout, not as long as the prothorax, at the tip wider than at base; hairs dense and long, simple at the tip, dorsal carina scarcely evident but the elongate depression above the antennal insertion is very plain, tip smooth “somewhat elevated and with two small punctured side grooves; mouth parts reddish; many small punc- tures scattered over the beak, especially near the tip; antennal grooves not smooth polished; antenne with scape smooth, polished, enlarged at . tip, not reaching to the eyes and shorter than the funicle; first funicle joint slightly longer than second and is twice as long as third; club very dark, almost black, elongate oval, pointed and densely pubescent with pale hairs. Prothorax polished, closely deeply regularly punctured, narrower anteriorly, widest about one-third of distance from front where it is almost as wide as the elytra at the base, sides abruptly drawn in to the venter, closely densely covered with long thick hairs which are deeply broadly notched at the tip. 1911} Hypera and Phytonomus in America 427 Elyira broadly elongate-oval, almost as wide at tip as at base, humeri not prominent, elytra gradually widened for two-thirds of their length and then abruptly obliquely narrowed to the truncate tip; striz deeply punctured, interspaces elevated, the alternate ones beginning with the sutural space more so, all with fine sparse punctures. Scales of the elytra cleft to the base, fine and very elongate, making a dense covering; long white hairs present on posterior portion of interspaces, remainder of the elytra with interspaces having scattered black and white hairs, more or less decumbent. Venter clothed with deeply cleft scales, very dense on the sternal portion, rather sparse on the abdomen, last segment distinctly longer than the two previous and in male with a shallow impression near the center; third segment deeply impressed back of the intercoxal process which is broad and gradually curves until near the middle when it abruptly terminates in a sharp triangular point. Male genitalia with the stem broadly rounded at the point. Mesosternal process between the middle coxz elevated, narrow linear. In the single female I have seen there is at the apex of the seventh abdominal segment a deep impression. Legs with femora black and densely clothed in front with deeply cleft scales, tibize and tarsi very dark red, clothed with fine long silvery hairs, hind tibiz slightly curved, front tibia more strongly so, hind tibize with a prominent mucronate process which at the apex is bifurcate in the male; the process scarcely evident in the female. The tesselation in these specimens is remarkably different and con- sists of a mixture of gray and brown scales with very small macule of black scattered over the interspaces; on the thorax there is an indis- tinct trilineation, the outside paler lines being very narrow; some of the scales are metallic. ee pp) A Mar 6: Distribution of Phytonomus sertatus Mann. 428 Annals Entomological Society of America [Vol. IV, Distribution: Type locality: Kadiak Island, Alaska, one specimen collected by H. J. Holmberg in August, 1851. Man- nerheim relates that Holmberg was.picking raspberries and found this, the only beetle taken on the island, on a berry. Through the kindness of E. C. Van Dyke and of Prof. Trevor Kincaid I have had the opportunity of examining three specimens of this species. One very perfect male (coll. Van Dyke) collected by Trevor Kincaid on Pribilov Islands vii—15— 97; and a fine female collected by Mr. Kincaid on St. Paul Island, viii-15-97, and loaned from his collection; the third a specimen collected by Mr. F. E. Blaisdell at Nome, Alaska, 1t is also a male and a very dark form with the scales much sparser and grayer. The specimen belongs to Mr. Van Dyke. Both males have the tip of the penis projecting and have the mucronate process at the tip of the hind tibiae. Mr. Kincaid (in litt.) states that he has another specimen remaining from those collected by him. Prof. Washburn sent me from the Lugger collection, one specimen of this species collected in “‘Alaska.’’ This is prob- ably the specimen mentioned as P. pubicollis by R. L. Webster (1909). In the collection of the U. S. Nat. Museum are several specimens of this species collected, according to Mr. Schwarz, by the International Seal Expedition. This is an interesting species on account of its scale and hair formation bringing it between pudicollis and trivittatus. Further collections from this region will doubtless give us evidence of a greater distribution and it may be that the species occurs on both continents. Some of the Siberian forms described are impossible for me to separate from several Euro- pean forms,. especially from P. suspiciosus, on account of the meager descriptions, but this latter species can be readily sep- arated from P. seriatus by the scale and hair characters, the hind tibiz and the last abdominal segment. Phytonomus trivittatus Say. Phytonomus trivittatus: 1831: Say: Dese. N. American Curculionides, p. 12-13. 1859: Leconte: Comp. Writings of Thomas Say, 1: 273-4. 1873: Crotch: Cat. Coleop. N. America, p. 118, no. 6998. 1876: Leconte: Rhyncophora of N. America, p. 430, app. sp. 7 (unrecog.) 1885: Henshaw: Cat. Coleop. Am. N. of Mex., p. 137. 1909: Webster, R. L.: Entom. News, 20 : 81. 1911] Hypera and Phytonomus in America 429 HAypera trivittata: 1880: Austin: Supp. Check List Coleop. N. Am., p. 45, no. 8889. Phytonomus setigerus: 1876: Leconte: Rhyncophora of N. America, p. 125, no. 3, p. 415. 1885: Henshaw: Cat. Coleop. Am. N. of Mex., p. 137, no. 8229. 1889: Kilman: Canad. Entomologist, 21: 136. 1890: Wickham: Canad. Entom., 22: 171. 1903: Evans: Canad. Entom., 35: 319. 1909: Webster, R. L.: Entom. News, 20:81. Hypera setigera: 1880: Austin: Supp. Check List Coleop. of N. Amer., p. 45, no. 8883. Phytonomus castor: 1909: Kwiat: Entom. News, 20: 335 (nec castor Lec.) 1909: Titus: Journ. Ec. Entom., 2: 149. 1910: Titus: Bul. 110, Utah Agr, Exp. Sta., p. 72. Original description: Say, 1831, p. 12: “P. trivittatus. Blackish-brown with numerous scale-like hairs. Inhabits North-west Territory. Body blackish-brown, with numerous robust hairs almost resembling scales, which are longer in three yellowish metallic thoracic vitte of which the lateral ones are broader and terminate in a spot on the hum- erus; the vittae and spot are pale brownish cinereous; antenne rufous; elytra with large costal spots, interstitial lines obsoletely alternating with blackish and pale brown-cinereous; suture behind the middle also pale brown-cinereous; thighs beneath near the tip emarginate; anterior tibize a little incurved at tip. Length one-fifth of an inch.”’ Adulic (Plate XXX, figs: 1-5)... Leneth 3:75-6:5 mm. Width 1.5-3.5 mm. Black or dark brownish red, elongate oval, usually densely pubescent with scales and hairs. Legs black or reddish-black. Head densely closely pubescent with long slender hairs the pube- scence extending some distance down the beak, especially dense on the _ front which between the eyes is narrower than the width of a single eye; beak with a smooth flat carina or keel, possessing above the antennal groove a long shallow narrow impression, sides and tip of beak more or less sparsely finely punctured, with a few long slender hairs. Some of the hairs on the head above and behind the eyes are broader. Eyes elongate oval, without a fovea behind; antennal groove deep, strongly sloping towards the base of the eyes; antenne rufous or reddish testa- ceous, scape reaching the margin of the eye, at least as long as the first six joints of the funicle, first funicular joint stout, one-half longer than the second which is distinctly longer than the third, club elongate-oval, darker and finely densely pubescent, more or less pointed at tip. Prothorax narrowest anteriorly, strongly widely rounded near the middle, but nowhere as wide as the elytra at their base; the dorsum with a narrow light median longitudinal line bordered on each side by a much wider dark line or band, and beyond these on the edge the scales are again light, the lower part of the sides and part of the venter with dark scales; the side band of light scales extends back onto the elytra near the humeri and in one specimen partially covers it, in the others examined 430 Annals Entomological Society of America [Vol. IV, the humeri are very dark. Thoracic hairs all pale, striate or ribbed thick at the base and near the tip pointed, there are narrow elongate scales and wider scales emarginate at the tip and in the wider forms the processes are more prolonged; no fringe of forward directed hairs on the anterior border beneath; prothorax polished, punctures circular, rather deep, and distinctly separated. @ Piwwilbatus. O P mavilimus: + ae Rebicollis. KP. Castoy. Mar 7. Distribution of Phytonomus trivittatus Say, maritimus Titus, pubicollis Lec., and castor Lec. Elytra about four times as long as prothorax along the dorsum, or in some specimens longer; striz very distinct, their punctures especially so on the dorsum, in each black circular puncture there is a short stout hair; the interspaces have elongate hairs which are thickened and ribbed for two-thirds of their length and then abruptly narrowed on one side and slender to the point; scales of the elytra striate only slightly emar- ginate, points produced as long slender processes. All the elytral and | 1911] Hypera and Phytonomus in America 431 most of the thoracic hairs are more or less decumbent, curved backward, especially on the prothorax and near the base of the elytra. Alternate interspaces often tesselated with dark brown, especially on the sides. Hairs on interspaces white, except for an occasional black one, humeral spot very large and distinct, brownish-gray or even black or parti- colored, this spot extending back on the interspaces for a considerable distance; a dark common central basal elytral spot is present Venter with scales of under side of thorax shorter and wider, on the abdomen some are arranged in transverse rows at the posterior margins of the segments; mesosternal process between the middle coxe elevated, curved backward, narrowly elongate and ending in a sharp point; a short triangularly produced process from the prosternum is also evident between the front coxze; intercoxal process of first abdominal segment rounded broadly to a point. Legs vary from black to reddish-brown, all the femora darker than tibie and covered with long narrow emarginate scales, the points of which are very long and slender; crown of spines on anterior tibiz yellow and blunt;tibie and tarsi hairy, first three joints extremely setose beneath with silvery hairs; front femora of the male not strongly curved. The declivity of the elytra in this species is very evident as will be seen from the illustration, but not as great as in P. maritinius, where it extends quite to the tip. Distribution: Type locality for trivitiatus; ‘‘ North-west Territory,’ and for setsgerus: ‘‘Kansas.’’ The type specimens of setigerus are in the Leconte coll. in Mus. Comp. Zoology, type no. 398; there are two specimens marked type. Dominion of Canada: Manitoba: Aweme, iv—23-10 (E. Criddle). Alberta: ‘‘Edmonton, Ont.’’ (James White) Kilman records this specimen in 1897, I have not seen it. British Columbia: “Ft. McLeod, N. W. Ter.’’ (U.S. N. M.) Vancouver Id. (Wickham), recorded in 1890, specimen not seen. United States: Illinois: Palos Park (Kwiat) vi-28-07 (coll. Wolcott, Fall, Titus, Liebeck). Nebraska: West Point, 4-88 (U. S. N. M.). New Mexico: Gallinas Can. (Snow) R. L. Webster in litt. The Ft. McLeod record is possibly from one of the specimens reported by Evans (1903) as collected by John MacCoun in “Northwest Territory of Canada.’ Through Dr. Hewitt, Mr. J. D. Evans has loaned one specimen which is labeled Pea... Can}. M. 1879.” Food Plants and Life History: The Palos Park, Illinois, specimens were bred by A. Kwiat from larve collected on a 432 Annals Entomological Society of America [Vol. IV, ground pea Lathyrus venosus 30 May, 1907; they spun reticulate white cocoons, one of which I have seen, and transformed to adults June 28, 1907. Mr. A. B. Wolcott tells me that he also has bred it from the same locality and that the larva is deep green in color. The cocoon is pure white and rather loosely woven. Phytonomus maritimus new species. Phytonomus rumicis: 1909: Webster, R. L.: Entom News, 20: 81. Adult: (Plate XXIX, figs. 8-9). Length, 5to6.5 mm. Wiaidth 2 to 2.6 mm. Stouter and thicker than trivittatus, elytra much more declivous; reddish black, clothed with pale yellow scales and white and black hairs. Head densely pubescent with rather stout hairs, a few notched at tip; beak with a smooth median carina, front between eyes narrow, an elongate, narrow, polished groove above the antennal groove; eyes elongate oval rather large; antennal groove deep, black, smooth; antenne reddish, scope reaching margin of eyes, longer than first six funicle joints, club elongate oval, second and third joints shortest, fourth rather long pointed at tip, entire club finely pubescent with gray hairs. Prothorax not polished, narrower in front than behind, widest in middle, shaped much. as in ¢rivittatus but- sides are fuller and more rounded; punctures large, often confluent; dorsum of prothorax with two wide dark bands separated by a very narrow, light line, sides darker than center line; in some specimens the dorsum is entirely light. Scales broad, deeply emarginate, striate; hairs stout, white and usually notched at tip, sides parallel; scutellum very minute, covered with fine gray or white pubescence. Elytra at base but slightly wider than prothorax, one of the Nan- tucket Id.; specimens tessellated almost all over, the darker spots alternating along the central line; elevations between striz, each with a single row of white hairs, each hair stout, parallel-sided and notched at tip; strize with a fine short pointed white hair in each puncture. All the hairs semi-decumbent; scales on the elytra more elongate than on thorax, processes more slender and pointed; the dark spots are velvety black scales, rarely with a black hair on the part of the interspaces where they occur; there is a tendency on all the specimens for a black band to occur on the third interspace beginning at the base of each elytron and gradually fading out. Venter; scales more of the shape of those on the elytra than of the thoracic scales, prosternal process short, triangularly pointed; meso- sternal process between middle coxe long, curved, pointed; intercoxal process of third abdominal (first visible) segment broad, rounded almost to the center and terminating in a short, sharp point. In the male this segment is emarginate posteriorly. Legs; dark red, clothed in front with elongate emarginate scales, tibial crown of spines pale red or yellowish red, a distinct emarginate process on each tibia at the tip, not as prominent as in serzatus. 1911] Hypera and Phytonomus in America 433 The declivity of the elytra is extremely prominent and extends quite to the tip. | The scales beneath the elytra on the abdomen are sparse except for a dense fringe on each segment posteriorly. Distribution: (See Map 7). Type: U: S. N. M., Nan- tucket Id. Massachusetts: Nantucket Island (U. S. N. M., Field Col. Mus., Bolter Coll. Univ. of Ill.); Edgartown Martha’s Vine- acd. tds vi-2/—10 Johnson (Coll. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist.) Chatham, vii-14—07 (Coll. Frost). The Nantucket Island specimens are, I believe, all from the Same lot and were probably collected by H. Soltau. They have stood in the various collections under the name of Phytonomus rumicis L. They, however, do not belong to this group of the genus. One of the specimens is marked collected on vetch, and another specimen ‘‘on Vicia sativa.”’ Superficially the species resembles P. murinis Fab. more than P. trivittatus Say but it belongs in the group with the latter species. Phytonomus castor Leconte. Phytonomus castor: 1876: Leconte: Rhyncophora of N. America, p. 126, 415. 1885: Henshaw: Cat. Coleop. Am. N. of Mex., p. 137,. no. 8233. 1909: Webster, R. L.: Entom. News, 20: 81. 1910: Titus: Journ. Ec. Entom., 3: 470. Hypera castor: 1880: Austin: Supp, Check List N. Am. Coleop., p. 45, no. Adult: (Plate XXX, figs. 7-9). Length 5-5.56mm. Width 1.8-1.9 mm. Black, elongate oval, small, densely pubescent with fine gray and black scales and hairs. Legs black or reddish black. Head covered with very fine hairs and with scales which are cleft to the base or nearly so; front as wide as eye, in one specimen wider, with a distinct fovea; eyes elongate oval, narrower below; beak shorter than prothorax, widened at the polished tip which is jet black, sparsely punctured, along groove above the point of antennal insertion on the dorsal carina which is very indistinct; antenne inserted very near the tip, the groove deep and wide, scape polished reddish yellow, reaching almost to the eyes (in one specimen almost black), longer than the seven funicular joints, first funicle joint about one-third longer than second, which is longer than third; club pointed, finely, densely pubescent, darker than remainder of antennz. Prothorax longer than wide, narrowed in front, sides rounded, widest in front of middle, densely punctured, clothed with numerous brown and white hairs and with gray or grayish-black scales cleft to the base; distinctly trivittate with white in some, in others there is scarcely a trace of the lighter lines; scales on sides and venter of prothorax some- tiems shorter and broader, metallic in color, but always deeply cleft. 434 Annals Entomological Society of America [Vol. IV, Scutellum minute, triangular, clothed with pale scales. Elytra one-third wider than prothorax at their widest point, back of the middle, at base scarcely one-quarter wider; humeri distinctly clothed with jet black scales; interspaces elevated, each with a more or less complete row of white or brownish-white sete, processes of the scales more slender and elongate, causing the pubescence to lap over the strie; where the strial punctures can be seen they contain very short pale sete; the type specimen has beautiful pearl-gray scales intermixed with brown and black scales to form an almost completely tesselated surface; other specimens seen possess the tesselation on parts of elytra, costal edge of elytra of all specimens seen covered with paler scales. Venter with gray or brownish gray scales and short white sete, on the abdomen the scales are arranged in transverse rows; mesosternal process between the middle coxze somewhat elevated, linear, apparently with a triangular point (very densely covered with scale); intercoxal process of third abdominal segment broadly truncate. Legs with femora and coxee black, tibize and tarsi dark brown or reddish brown, femora clothed in front with scales, eslewhere the legs are covered with hairs; tibial crown of spines pale. b Distribution: Type locality “‘Canada”’ 1 specimen, Mus. . Comp. Zool.; also Aweme, Manitoba, 24—-vi-09 (N. Criddle). All the specimens seen are males. Life history is not known. The species is very closely related to P. trivittatus Say and to the European P. viciae. Phytonomus pubicollis Leconte. Phytonomus pubicollis: 1876: Leconte: Rhyncophora of N. America, p. 125, no. 5, p. 410. 1885: Henshaw, Cat. Coleop. Am. N. of Mex., p. 187, no. 8232. Hypera pubicollis: 1880: Austin: Supp. Check List Coleop. N. Am., p. 45, no. 8886. Adult: (Plate X XIX, figs.10-12). Length 3.24.5 mm. Width 1.5 mm. Black or reddish black, rather stout, clothed with fine gray or brownish gray pubescence of scales and hairs; legs black. Head clothed with gray or yellow-brown hairs; front narrow, not as wide as one of the eyes; a distinct fovea between eyes on front; eyes oval, not prominent; beak two-thirds as long as prothorax, polished near the tip, sparsely punctured, a groove above the insertion of the antennae, not carinate, projections above tip of antennal groove more evident than in any species but seriatus; antennal groove black, polished; anienne rufous or piceous, scape reaching to the margin of the eyes, but not longer than the funicle, first funicluar joint much longer than second, or as long as second and third united, second nearly twice as long as third, the funicle joints are darker from the third on and the club is dark, densely pubescent with fine hairs, oval, pointed. Prothorax almost quadrate, a little wider in the middle and narrowed anteriorly, never nearly as wide as elytra at base, clothed with brown, gray and white hairs and intermixed scales; the scales are deeply, 1911] Hypera and Phytonomus in America 435 roundly emarginate, the processes long and slender, scales never cleft; thorax polished, closely densely punctured. There is an obsolete- trivittation on the thorax caused by a few pale scales in the center and on the side in longitudinal lines, the intermediate bands are of brown scales. Elytra at base at least one-third wider than prothorax, humeri rounded with dark scales (sometimes almost black), striae, especially the first and second, deeply punctured, interspaces elevated, a quadrate common spot at base reaching the second interspace, darker brown in color (more evident in type specimen); interspaces clothed with gray and brown scales alternating with brown and black tesselations, es- pecially evident on the last third of the sutural space; hairs or bristles decumbent, sparse on the dorsum at the base, more numerous behind and lying closer to the scales. From the side the elytra show a distinct elevation about two-thirds of the distance towards the tip, then are rapidly obliquely slanted to the blunt tip. Venter clothed with fine deeply emarginate scales, a depression on the first and last segments; mesosternal process between middle coxe very narrow, linear, elevated, clothed with paler scales; intercoxal process of first segment not broad, pointed. Legs with femora black or brownish black, tibize and tarsi testaceous, claws and last tarsal joint sometimes darker; posterior tibiae with a very short. crown of spines, anterior tibize strongly curved inward, anterior femora deeply contracted near the apex. Distribution: (See Map 7). Type locality ‘“‘Vanc. Id.”’, one specimen, a male, in the Leconte collection, Mus. Comp. Zoology. I have examined one other specimen, also a male, from Vancouver Island, loaned me by Mr. H. C. Fall, Pasadena, Cal. R. L. Webster (1909) determined a specimen from Alaska in the Lugger collection as this species. I have seen but one spec- imen from this collection marked Alaska, and it is P. seriatus Mann. Phytonomus meles Fabricius. Curculio griseus: 1776: Muller: Zool. Dan. Prodr. Anim., p. 88 (nec. Fabricius 1775). 1790: Gmelin: Linn. Syst. Nat. ed. xiii, p. 1757, no. 204. 1827: Gyllenhal: Ins. Suecica, 4 (pt. 4 app.): 372, no. 40. Curculio meles: 1792: Fabricius: Syst. Ent. emend., | (pt. 2): 466, no. 300. 1795: Fabricus: Nomen. Entomologicus, p. U. 1795: Herbst: Nat. Ins.. Kafer, 6: 495. 1795: Panzer: Entom. Germanica, p. 325, no. 148. 1795: Weber: Nomen. Entom. sec. E. S. Fab., p. 56. 1796: Fabricius: Ind. Alphabeticus, E. S. Emend., p. 57. 1801: Fabricius: Syst. Eleutherat., 2: 523, no. 97. 1828: Boitard: Man.d’ Entom., 1: 407. Brachyrhinus meles: 1804: Latreille: Hist. nat. Gen. et parc., 11: 165, no. 31. 456 Annals Entomological Society of America [Vol. Rhynchaenus meles: 1813: 1820: 1828: 1840: Gyllenhal: Ins. Suec., 3 (pt 3): 97, no. 29 pedestris). Billberg: Enumerat. Ins., p. 42. Zetterstedt: Fauna Ins. Lapponica, 1: 319, no. 35. Zetterstedt: Ins. Lapponica, p. 179. Hypera meles: 1821: 1833: 1844: 1848: 1849: 1861: 1863: 1869: 1871: 1871: 1877: 1874: 1879: 1880: 1880: 1882: 1882: 1883: 1884: 1884: 1884: 1891: 1891: 1891: 1893: 1894: 1896: 1896: 1903: Germar: Germ. & Zinck. Mag., 4: 340, no. 9. Villa: Cat. Coleop. Eur. dupl. coll. Villa, p. Villa: Cat. dei Coleop. della Lombardia, p. Walton: Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (2) 1: 299, no. 12. Walton: Stett. Entom. Zeit., 10: 261. Waterhouse: Cat. British Coleop., Op (ill iavoys 12, Lacordaire: Hist. nat. Ins. Coleop., 6: 401. Kraatz: Verz. Kafer Deutschland, p. 52. Kirsh: Berl. Ent. Zeit. 15. 189. Gemminger et Harold: Cat. Coleop., 8: 2383. Stein & Weise: Cat. Col. Eur. ed. 2, p. 143. Redtenbacher: Fauna Austriaca, Kafer, 2. 254. Tacshenberg: Die Kafer und Haubflugler, 2: 123. Koppen: Die Schaflichen Ins. Russlands, p. 209. Rupertsberger: Biol. d. Kafer Europa, p. 201. Fuast: Deut. Entom. Zeits., p. 259. Heyden: Cat. Coleop. Sibiria, p. 165 (subg. Dapalinus). Weise in H. R. & W. Cat. Col. Eur., ed. 4, p. 159. Bargagli: Bul. Ent. Soc. Ital., 16: 167. Bargagli: Rass. Biol. Kine. Eur., p. 94. Bedel: Coleop. Bassin d. 1. Seine, p. 79, 259, no. 16. Fowler: British Coleop., 5: 230, no. 235. Schneider: Coleop. & Lepidop. Bergen, p. 113, no. 37. Weise in H. R. & W.: Cat. Coleop. Europ., p. 302. Bertolini: Bul. Ent. Soc. Ital., 25: 245. Rupertsberger: Biol. d. Kafer, p. 209, 294. Heyden: Cat. Coleop. Sibiria, p. 152. (subg. Dapalinus). Martirelli: Ann. d. Hist. nat., 26: 295 (sep. p. 15). Everts: Coleop. Neerlandica, p. 603. Phytonomus meles: 1833: 1834: 1837: 1842: 1842: 1843: 1843: 1844: 1847: 1849: 1849: 1851: 1853: 1855: 1857: 1858: 1859: 1860: pa ee lng ie, ba : Laboulbene: Ann. Ent. Soc. Fr., (4) 2: 569-573,"pl. 13,'fig. 29-33. 1862: 1868: 1869: 1871: 1872: 1874: 1862 Dejean: Cat. Coleop. coll. Dejean, ed. 2, p. cote Gyilenhal in Schénherr: Gen. et sp. Curc., 2 (pt 2): 390, no. 32. Dejean: Cat. Coleop. coll. Dejean, ed. 3, p. “O87. aie | Boheman in Schonherr: Gen. et sp. Curc., 6 (pt 2): 382. Germar: Stett. Entom. Zeit., 3: 101. Schmidt: Stett. Ent. Zeit., 4: 24. Sturm. Cat. Kafer Sammlung, p. 201. (Dohrn): Cat. Coleop. Europe, p. 52. Hochhuth: Bul. Imp. Soc. Mosc. (2) 1: 493, no. 103. (Dohrn): Cat. Coleop. Europe, p. 61. Redtenbacher: Fauna Austriaca, Kafer, p. 436. Perris: Mem. Acad. Sc. Lyon, n. s., 1: Zebe: Syn. d. bisher in Deutsch. aufgef. Coleop. p. 75. Jac. du Val: Gen. Coleop. d’ Europe, p. 110. Lentz: Neus Verz. Preussichen Kafer, p. 125. Dohrn: Cat: Coleop. Eur., p. 79. Motschoulsky: Col. d. Gov. Jak. (Melang. biol. Ac.’ Petrop.) p. Motschoulsky: Cat. Ins. Amour, p. 9. Schaum: Cat. Coleop. Europa, ed. 2, p- 89. pg Pp Capiomont: Revis. de Hyperides, p. 173-175, pl. 2, fig. 20. Giebel: Coll. Univ. Halle-Wittenberg, pp. 44, 47, St Be Brischke: Schr. d. Naturf. Ges. in Danzig, n. f., 2 (3): 23. Bertolini: Cat. Syn. e Top. Coleop. Ital., p Kaltenbach; Pflanzen Feinde, p. 121. TS 1911] 1874: 1878: 1881: 1882: 1883: 1883: 1891: 1901: 1901: 1906: 1909: 1910: 1911: 1911: Hypera and Phytonomus in America Siebke: Enum. Ins. Norvegicum, 1: 266, no. 9 (miles). Schneider & Leder: Beit. kennt. Kauk. Kaferfauna, p. 287. Riley: Amer. Naturalist, 15: 912. Riley: Report of Entomologist, jo JUUL Riley: in Rpt. U. S. Dept. Agric. f. 1881-2, p. 171. Lintner: First Rpt. St. Ent. N. Y., p. 248. Seidlitz: Fauna Transsylvanica, p. 677. Petri: Monog. Coleop.—Tribus Hyperini p. 158-9, 202. Petri: Bestim. Tab. Coleop., Hit. 44, Hyperini, p. 38. Weise in H. R. & W.: Cat. Coleop. Eur., p. ae Ferrant: Die Schlad. Ins. Land-u. Forst. pt. 2, p. 137. Kleine: Entom. Blatter, 6: 199. Titus: Psyche, 18: 74. Champlain: Psyche, 18: 173. Curculio trifolit: 1795: 1800: Herbst: Nat. Ins. Kafer, 6: 266, tab. 80, no. 5. Paykull: Fauna Suecica, 3: 232, no. 49. Rhynchaenus trifolw: 1813: 1827: 1834: Gyllenhal: Ins. Suec., 1 (pt 3): 111, no. 40. Gyllenhal: Ins. Suecica, 1(pt. 4, app. 3): 572, no. 40. Sahlberg: Ins. Fennica, p. 43, no. 33. Hypera trifolu: 1821: 1826: 1829: 1831: 1868: Dejean: Cat. Coll. Coleop., p. 89. Sturm: Cat. Ins. Sammlung, 1: 157. Stephens: Sys. Cat. Brit. Ins., p. 169, no. 1726 (?trilineatus). Stephens: Entomology, 4: 100, no. 20 (?trilineatus). Villa: Relaz. Sugli Ins. che. devas. il Trifogli, p. 1. Phytonomus trifoli: 1874: Kaltenbach: Pflanzen Feinde, p. 121. Phytonomus meles var. trifoli: 1874: Kaltenbach: Pflanzen Feinde, p. 124. Curculio borealis: 1800: Paykull: Fauna Suec., 3: 249, no. 68. Rhynchaenus borealis: 1813: Gyllenhal: Ins. Suec., 1 (pt 3) :115, no. 43. 1828: Zetterstedt: Faun. Ins. Lapponica, 1: 321, no. 38. 1840: Zetterstedt: Ins. Lapponica, p. 181, no. 44. Hypera borealis: 1821: 27: Gyllenhal: Ins. Suec. 1 (pt 4, 100. 3): 572, no. 43. 18 1884: Germar: Germ. & Zinck. Mag., 4: 339, no. 7. Bargagli: Bul. Ent. Soc. Ital., 16: 167. Phytonomus borealis: 1858: Matheiu: Ann. Soc. Ent. Pee , 2: 198, no. 206. Curculio plantaginis: 1802: Marsham: Entom. Brit., 1: 267. Hypera plantaginis: 1829: Stephens: Cat. Sys. Brit. Ins., p. 169, no. 1725. 1831: Stephens: Entomology, 4: _ , no. 19. Curculio stramineus: 1802: Marsham: Entom. Brit., 1: 267, no. 88. Rhynchaenus stramineus: 1819: Samouelle: Entom. Useful Comp., p. 369. Hypera straminea: 1826: Curtis: Brit. Entom., 2: no. 116. 10. 1829: Stephens. Sys. Cat. Brit. Ins., p. 169, no. 1727. 1831: Stephens: Entomology, 4: 99, no. 437 438 Annals Entomological Society of America [Vol. IV, Hypera picipes: 1821: Dejean: Cat. Coll. Coleop., p. 89. 1833: Dejean: Cat. Coleop. coll. Dejean. Dejena, ed. 2, p. 264. 1837: Dejean: Cat. Coleop. coll. Dejean, ed. 3, p. 287. 1844: (Dohrn) Cat. Coleop. Eur., p. 52. Hypera picipes: 1829: Stephens: Sys. Cat. Brit. Ins., p. 168, no. 1721. 1831: Stephens: Entomology, 4: 93, no. 15. Hypera murina: 1829: Stephens: Cat. Sys. Brit. Ins., p. 168, no. 1722 (nec. Fabr.). 1831: Stephens: Entomology, 4: 93, no. 16. Phytonomus castor: 1910: Smith: Cat. Ins. New Jersey, p. 381 (nec. Lee.). “300. C. brevirostris griseus thoracis dorso fusco linea albida, elytirs nigro punctatis, sutura ante apicem albida. “Habitat in Germania. Dom Smidt. “Paullo minor C. corvli. Caput griseum rostro cylindrico, nigro. Thorax supra grisues dorso lato, fusco linea media grisea. Flytra striata,* moz grisea. mox magis ferruginea, nigro punctata sutura ante apicem linea distincta, albida. Pedes concolores.”’ Adult: (Plate XXIV, figs. 9, 15, 16; Plate XXX, figs. 4-6). Length 3.5-9 mm. Width 1.7—-2.1 mm. Black or reddish black, elongate-oval, small, sides of elytra nearly parallel; scales cleft to the base, hairs never long and erect. Head small, finely closely regularly punctured; front very narrow, never as wide as the eye, densely pubescent; beak long slender, cylin- drical, curved, in female longer than thorax; distinct central keel terminating opposite the antennal insertion in a wider smooth portion which possesses an elongate depression, one or more rather regular punctured striz on the sides; tip reddish, smooth, polished sparsely punctured and with a few long hairs; eyes elongate oval, large; antenne yellowish red or red, inserted near apex of beak, scape reaches margin of the eyes, first funicle joint twice as long as second, following except third shorter than broad, seventh very broad, club oval, pointed, densely pubescent. Prothorax very wide, sometimes one-fourth wider than long, widest about the middle, sides strongly widely rounded, anterior margin narrower than posterior, dorsum almost flat, densely punctured, but punctures distinctly separated by smooth shining part of prothorax; usually rather sparsely covered with metallic gray or pale brown scales, a long central paler line may be generally distinguished, and the sides are uniformly paler, the bands between are often irregular in width. Scutellum paler, small distinct, narrowly triangulate. Elytra at base scarcely wider than prothorax in widest part, nearly rectangular, very slightly rounded at sides, humeri rounded somewhat prominent; finely striately punctate, interspaces a very little elevated, scales rather uniform in color over the elytra, but in’some specimens the elytra are almost entirely tesselated with dark brown on a paler brown background; sutural scale often darker than others especially in front; all the scales sometimes metallic green or gray or brown gray or even 1911] Hypera and Phytonomus in America 439 dark brown. Hairs black, dark brown or white placed on interspaces, curved, directed backward, never erect, not placed in regular rows on the interspaces. Venter not so densely scaled, gray or pale brown, terminal abdominal segment with long gray hairs; third abdominal segment of the male with a shallow impression near the center; intercoxal process of third segment truncately broad but ending in a short triangular point, the segment closely deeply punctured, more so than in any other species studied; mesosternal process between the middle coxe elevated, narrowly triangular. ; Legs short, femora stout, thickened; fore tibize of male curved inward, femora scaled in front, remainder of legs hairy, femora darker than tibize and tarsi but not black, remainder of legs reddish yellow to nearly black, tarsi usually a little paler. Egg: White or very pale yellow when first laid, oval, sculptured with fine hexagonal depressions. Length 0.40 to 0.45 mm., width 0.25 to 0.30 mm. Larva: (Laboulbene 1862, and Brischke 1871): These authors state that the larve are deep green, first thoracic segment yellow, a long whitish-yellow median stripe interrupted on the posterior edge of each segment, another paler line below the black spiracles. Head yellow beneath, dark in front, anterior border almost straight, sides rounded, labrum emarginate with eight short stout hairs, mandibles tridentate, brownish, black at tips; prothoracic segment with an rectan- gular brown or blackish band across it, interrupted in the middle, the other two segments lack this band (as is usual in the other species examined); color of abdominal segments varying from yellow to clear green or dirty yellow, the median line is wide and evident. The first thoracic segment has three rows of fine brownish tubercles (Brischke) the other segment with two tubercles on the front part and six pairs in the second row; the anal segment without tubercles. All the tubercles possess hairs which Laboulbene states are on the tubercles of the dorsum short, stout and clavate at tips; tenth, eleventh and twelfth have longer hairs, not clavate. The second series of enlargements have on the thorax each three hairs. The description of Laboulbene is long and very complete, but I have -quoted here only the essential parts since he states that he had the larvee of a variety ‘‘Phytonomus meles var. trifolii’’ and that it is different from the larvee of meles. Personally I believe the variety is only a form that may occur in any generation but it will probably be better to leave a full deseription of this species until we can secure larvee in America for the purpose. Cocoon: According to Laboulbene the cocoon is ovoid or oval, white or amber color and remarkable for its reticulations. Pupa: Laboulbene only states that there is nothing in particular to describe. 440 Annals Entomological Society of America [Vol. IV, s Phone mes ~meles- Kale. + ‘ rar \imeys Abus. He ov < lah ger Fesey ivy Map 8. -Distribution of Phytonomus meles Fab., and P. maritimus Titus. Distribution: Type locality of the Fabrician species was: Germany. The species was described from Denmark, by Miller as C. griseus. Capiomont and Petri give its distribution as over all Europe, except Spain and Portugal, and occurring in parts of Siberia and Transkaukasus and along the north coast of Africa. In the United States I have examined specimens from the following places: New Hampshire; Claremont (R. P. Dow);. Massachusetts; Framingham (Frost); Springfield, June 1911 (Titus). New York: Albany, 9 July, ’08 (E. P. Felt); West Point, - 28 April, 08, W. Robinson (A. M. N. H.); Westchester County, (Schaeffer); Brooklyn (Schaeffer); Rockaway Beach (Bischoff). Connecticut: Hamden, 16 May, 1910, A. B. Champlain (U. S. N. M.); New Haven, 28 May, 1910, A. B. Champlain 1911] Flypera and Phytonomus in America 441 (coll. Conn. Agr. Exp. Sta.); Meriden (Britton in litt. May 29, 1911); Colebrook, June, 1911 (Titus); Hartford, June, 1911 (Titus). New Jersey: Ramsey, 31 May, 1908 (Schaeffer); Hewit (Schaeffer) ; Rahway, 23 July (Bischoff) ; Newfoundland, 30 May (Bischoff); Lake Hopatcong, 30 May (J. A. Grossbeck). Also Mt. View (Bischoff 77 litt). Mr. E. A. Bischoff writes me that this is the species listed as Phytonomus castor in the Smith Cat. Ins. of New Jersey. He states further, ‘‘ Mr. Dow from New York was the first to collect it at Rockaway Beach and had it identified as castor. He was kind enough to let me have a pair; Mr. Grossbeck of New Brunswick collected it at L. Hopatcong and let me have another pair, after which I collected it at Mountain View, Newfound- land, and Rahway, N. J.”’ Mr. R. P. Dow (in litt. 16 May, 1911) states that he first collected this species in June, 1907, in the ‘‘ Rockaway Washup.”’ In 1908, he collected specimens in a back lot in Brooklyn and received specimens from Torre Bueno collected in White Plains. Mr. Dow states that he took the same species in Claremont, Beene, June 23-29, 1909-10.” Food Plants and Life History: Gyllenhal and Germar both report the species as feeding on clover in Europe, and Herbst certainly must have taken his trzfolii from clover. Kaltenbach (1874) notes that it feeds on young shoots of lucern; Brischke reported it as feeding on lucern in Germany, and Laboulbene took it from Trifolium pratense in France. Kleine gives the food plants as Medicago satiwa, M. falcata, M. lupulina, M. media, Trifolium pratense and T. incarnatum. It has been reported as causing injury in Germany, Austria and Southeast Russia to lucern. Dr. E. P. Felt bred his specimens at Albany, N. Y., from red clover. Dr. Britton very kindly sent me living specimens collected by Mr. Champlain at New Haven, in May. From these I secured eggs. The eggs were deposited on and in the stems and leaf petioles of clover and alfalfa and on blossoms of clover. Five to nine in a place in the stems and singly in the other situations. 442 Annals Entomological Society of America - [Vol. IV, Phytonomus nigrirostris Fabricius. Curculio nigrirostris: 1775: Fabricius: System Entomol., p. 132, no. 24. 1781: Fabricius: Species Insectorum, 1: 167, no. 33. 1783: Herbst: Fuesels Archiv., 4: 69, no. 8, T. 24, fig. 3. 1787: Fabricius: Mantissa Insect., p. 100, no. 44. 1789: de Villers: Entom. Fauna. Suec., 1: 187, no. 43; 4: 267, no. 43. 1790: Brahm: Insektenkalendare, p. Ixvii, 78, no. 250. 1790: Gmelin: Linn. Syst. Nat., ed. xiii, p. 1744, no. 105. 1790: Olivier: Hist. Nat. Ins., 5: 483, no. 55, T. 33, fig. 508, p. 140. 1790: Rossi: Fauna Etrusca, 1: 114, no. 292. 1792: Fabricius: Entom. Syst., 1 (pt 2): 407, no. 56. 1792: Paykull: Monog. Curculionidum, p. 56, no. li. 1794: Herbst: Fues. Archiv (Fr. ed.) p. 119, no. 5, pl. 24, fig. 3a. 1795: Fabricius: Nomen. Entom., p. T. 1795: Herbst: Nat. Ins. Kafer, 6:.281, no. 254. 1795: Panzer: Entom. German., p. 302, no. 19. 1795: Panzer: Fauna Germ., p. 36, no. 14. 1795: Rossi: Fauna Etrusca, (Hellwig ed.), 1: 121, no. 292. 1795: Weber: Nomen. Entomol. sec. E. S. Fab., p. 53. 1796: Fabricius: Ind. Alphab., E. S. emend., p. 58. 1797: Bergstrasser: Epit. Ent. Fab. Nomen., p. 67. 1800: Paykull: Fauna Suecica, Ins., 3: 247. 1801: Trost: Kleine Beyt. Entom., p. 39, 428. 1802: Marsham: Entom. Brit., 1: 267, no. 89. 1804: Latreille: Hist. nat. Crust. et Ins., 11: 131, no. 19. 1819: Samouelle: Entom. Useful Comp., p. 205. 1855: Nordlinger: Die Kleinen Feinde d. Landw., p. 152. Rhynchaenus nigrirostris: 1801: Fabricius: Syst. Eleuth., 2: 448, no. 53. 1802: Fabricius: Ind. G. et sp. Sys. Eleuth., p. 69, no. 448. 53. 1805: Illiger: Mag. f. Insektenkunde, 4: 141, no. ee 1807: Olivier: Hist. Nat. Ins., 5: 140, no. 98, pl. 38, fig. 508. 1813: Gyllenhal: Ins. Suec., 1 (pt 3): 114, no. 42. 1813: Panzer: Ind. Ent. Fauna Germ., p. 190, no. 7. 1817: von Beck: Beit. z. baiersch. Insektenf., p. 41, no. 73. 1819: Samouelle: Entom. Useful Comp., p. 369. 1820: Billberg: Enum. Insectorum, p. 42. 1827: Gyllenhal: Ins. Suec. 1: (pt 4, app. 3): 572, no. 42. 1828: Boitard: Man. d’Entom., p. 422. HHypera nigrirostris: ; 1817: Germar: Germ. & Zincker Mag. 2: 340. 1819: Samouelle: Entom. Useful Comp., p. 200. 1821: Germar: Mag., 4: 338, no. 5. 1821: Dejean: Cat. coll. Coleop., p. 88. 1826: Curtis: Brit. Entom., 2: no. 116, 19. 1826: Sturm: Cat. Ins. Sammlung, 1: 157. 1829: Curtis: Guide Arr. Brit. Ins., p. 50, no. 21. 1829: Stephens: Sys. Cat. Brit. Ins. p. 169, no. 1723. 1831: Stephens: Entom., 4: 98, no. 17. 1834: Sahlberg: Ins. Fennica, 2: 45, no. 30. 1848: Walton: Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (2) 1: 297, no. 9. 1849: Walton: Stett. Entom. Zeit., p. 261. 1861: Waterhouse: Cat. Brit. Coleop. p. 71, no. 9. 1863: Lacordaire: Hist. Nat. Ins. Coleop., 6: 401. 1869: Giebel: Verz. z. Mus. Univ. Halle-Wittenberg, p. 45, no. 52. 1869: Kraatz: Verz. Kafer Deutsch., p. 52. 1871: Kirsch: Berl. Ent. Zeit., 15: 191. 1871: Gemminger & Harold: Cat. Coleop. 8: 2384. 1871: Brischke: Schrf. d. Naturf. Ges. Danzig, n. f., 2 (pt 3): 24. 1911] 1873: 1874: 1877: 1877: 1879: 1880: 1880: 1882: 1883: 1883: 1880: 1884: 1884: 1889: 1891: 1891: 1893: 1897: 1903: 1907: Hypera and Phytonomus in America Bargagli: Bul. Ent. Soc. Ital., 5: 96. Redtenbacher: Fauna Austriaca, Kafer, 2: 255. Stein & Weise: Cat. Col. Eur., ed. 2, p. 143. Piccioli: Bul. Ent. Soc. Ital. 9: 228, no. 143. Taschenberg: Die Kafer u. Haubflugler, 2: 124. Austin: Supp. Check List Coleop. N. Am., p. 45, no. 8887. Koppen: Die Schadl. Ins. Russlands, p. 209. Piccioli & Cavanna: Bul. Ent. Soc. Ital., 14: 379, no. 58. Bargagli: Bul. Ent. Soc. Ital., 15: 321. Weise in H. R. & W. Cat. Col. Eur., ed. 4, p. 159. Rupertsberger: Die Biol. Kafer Eur., p. 210. Bargagli: Bul. Ent. Soc. Ttal., 16: 168. Bargagli: Rass. Biol. Rinc. Europei, p. 95. Bedel: Coleop. Bassin d. 1. Seine, pp. 79, 260, no. 20. Fauvel: Revue Entom. 8: 157, no. 460. Schneider: Coleop. & Lepidop. Bergen, p. 113, no. 36. Weise in H. R. & W.: Cat. Coleop. Eur., p. 304. Bertolini: Bul. Ent. Soc. Ital., 25: 245, no. 19. Kenipers: Tijd. v. Entom., 40: 177. Everts: Coleop. Neerlandica, p. 604. Wachsmann: Rovar. Lapok, 14: 19. Phytonomus nigrirostris: 1833 1834: 1837: .1842: 1843: 1844: 1847: 1849: 1849: 1849: 1849: 1853: 1853: 1855: 1857: 1858: 1858: 1858: 1859: 1862: 1865: - 1866: 1868: 1873: 1874: 1874: 1875: 1876: 1876: 1877: 1878: 1877: 1878: 1879: 1881: 1882: 1883: 1883: 1883: : Dejean: Cat. Coleop. coll. Dejean, ed. 2, p. 264. : Gyllenhal in Schonheer: Gen. et sp. Curc., 2 (pt 2): 393, no. 37. Dejean: Cat. Coleop. coll. Dejean, ed. 3, p. 286. Schonherr: Gen et sp. Curc., 6 (pt 2): 384, no. 86. Sturm: Cat. Kafer Sammlung, p. 201. (Dohrn): Cat. Coleop. Eur., p. 52. Hochhuth: Enum. Russelkafer Kauk. et Transk., p. 494, no. 107. (Dohrn): Cat. Col. Eur., p. 61. Gaubil: Cat. Syn. Col. Eur. et Alg., p. 156, no. 63. Lucas: Exp. Sc. d’Alg., Ins., 2:425, no. 1133. Redtenbacher: Fauna Austriaca, Die Kafer, p. 433, 437. Murray: Cat. Col. Scotland. Zebe: Syn. d. bisher in Deutsch. aufgef. Coleop., p. 75. Jac. du Val: Gen. Coleop. Europe, p. 110 (in part). Lentz: Neue verz. d. Preuss. Kafer, p. 125, Dohrn: Cat. Col. Europe., p. 79. Matheiu: Ann. Ent. Soc. Belg., 2: 198, no. 205. Tyrer: Ent. Weekly Intell., 4 (no. 4) p. 6. Belke: Bul. Soc. Imp. Mosc., p. 53. i Schaum: Cat. Coleop. Europ., ed. 2. p. 89. Thomson: Skand. Coleop., 7: 173, no. 15. de Marseul: Cat. Coleop. Eur. et. conf., p. 100, no. 79. Capiomont: Rev. d. Hyperides, p. 227, T. 1, fig. 5. Girard: Traite Elem. d’Entom., 1: 670. Siebke: Enum. Ins. Norvegicum, fasc. 1, p. 266. Kaltenbach: Pflanzen Feinde, p. 124. Bargagli: Bul. Ent. Soc. Ital., 6: 261 (as nigrocornis). Everts: Tijd. v. Entom., 20: xxviii. Leconte: Rhyncophora of N. America, p. 126. Heyden: Jahrb. Nassau. Verein, 29: 313. Dimmock: Psyche: 2: 164 (Bibliog. record). Provancher: Le Naturaliste Canad., 9: 324. Hubbard & Schwarz; Proc. Am. Phil. Soc. 17: 663. Veth: Tijd. v. Entom., 22: 95. Riley: American Naturalist, 15: 912. Riley: Report of Entomologist, p. 111. : Riley: in Rpt. U.S. Dept. Agric. f. 1881-2, p. 171. Lintner: First Rpt. St. Entom. N.Y ., p. 248. Brodie & White: Check List Ins. Dom. Canada, p. 47. 445 444 Annals Entomological Society of America [Vol. IV, 1884: Fletcher: Canad. Entomologist, 16: 215. 1884: Harrington: Canad. Entomologist, 16: 217. 1885: Henshaw: Cat. Coleop. Am. N. of Mex., p. 137, no. 8234. 1885: Riley: Proc. Ent. Soc. Washington, 1: 20. 1889: Hamilton: Trans. Am. Ent. Soc., 16: 155, no. 456. 1889: Heyden: Ver. Nat. Nassau., 42: 147. 1889: Vitale: Bul. Ent. Soc. Ital., 21: 150. 1890: Sraith: Cat. Ins. N. Jersey, p. 250. 1890: Fletcher: 21st Rpt. Ent. Soc. Ont., p. 41. 1894: Hanham: Canad. Entom., 26: 352. 1895: Harrington: 26th Rpt. Ent. Soc. Ont., p. 49-51. 1899: Fernald: 11th Rpt. Hatch Exp. Sta. (Mass.), p. 103. 1899: Smith: Cat. Ins. New Jersey, p. 343. 1900: Harrington: 30th Rpt. Ent. Soc. Ont., p. 94-96. 1900: Fletcher: Bul. 26 n. s. Div. Ent., U. S. Dept. Agr., p. 96. 1900: Fletcher: 30th Rpt. Ent. Soc. Ont., p. 96. 1901: Petri: Monog. Coleop.-Tribus Hyperini, pp. 164, 203. 1901: Petri: Bestim. Tab. Coleop. Hft. 44, Hyperini, pp. 27, 38. 1902: Felt: 17th Rpt St. Ent. N. Y., p. 845. 1906: Fletcher: 36th Rpt. Ent. Soc. Ont., p. 84. 1906: Weise in H. R. & W.: Cat. Coleop. Eur., p. 656, ed. 2. 1907: Close: 16-18th Rpts. Del. Agr. Exp. Sta., p. 106. 1907: Pierce: Ann. Rpt. Neb. St. Bd. Agric., p. 259. 1907: Schwarz: Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., 9: 114. 1907: Wachsmann: Rovar. Lapok, 14: 19. 1908: Houghton: Journ. Econ. Ent., 1: 297. 1909: Ferrant: Die Schad. Ins. d. Land-u. Forstw. p. 187, fig. 82. 1909: Webster, R. L.: Entom. News, 20: 81. 1909: Webster, F. M.: Bul. 85, Bur. Ent., U *S. Dept. Agr., pp. 1-12, figs. 8. 1909: Bur. Entom.: Yearbook U. S. Dept. Agric., p. 569. 1910: Schwarz: Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., 12: 71. 1910: Titus: Journ. Ec. Entom., 3:461. 1910: Hooker: Exp. Sta. Record, p. 256. 1910: Kleine: Entom. Blatter, 6: 199. 1910: Smith: Cat. Ins. New Jersey, p. 381. 1911: Webster: Bul. 85 (rev. ed.) Bur. Ent. U. S. D. Agr., pp. 12, figs. 8. 1911: Gibson: 41st Rpt. Ent. Soc. Ont., p. 12. Curculio variabilis: 1781: Fabricius: Spec. Insect., 1: 67, no. 34. 1787: Fabricius: Mant. Ins., p. 100, no. 45. 1789: Villers: Entom. Fauna Suec., 1: 187, no. 45; 4: 267, no. 46. 1790: Gmelin: Linn. Syst. Nat. ed. xiii,.p. 1744, no. 105. 1790: Olivier: Hist. Nat. Ins., 5: 483, no. 56. 1792: Fabricius: Ent. Syst., 1 (pt 2): 407, no. 57. 1795: Fabricius: Nomen. Entom., p. T. 1795: Panzer: Entom. German., p. 302, no. 20. 1796: Fabricius: Ind. Alphab. E. S. emend., p. 58. 1797: Bergstrasser: Epit. Ent. Fab. Nomen., p. 67. Curculio nigrirostris var. variabilts: 1792: Paykull: Monog. Curc., p. 56, liu. 1795: Herbst: Nat. Ins. Kafer, 6: 281, no. 254, var. 4. 1855: Nordlinger: Die Kleiner Feinde Landw., p. 153. Rhynchaenus variabilis: 1801: Fabricius: Syst. Eleuth., 2: 448, no. 54. 1802: Fabricius: Ind. G. et sp. Syst. Eleuth., p. 69. 1805: Illiger: Mag. f. Insektenkunde, 4: 141, no. 54. 1817: v. Beck: Beit. z. Baiersch. Insektenfauna, p. 42, no. 74. 1822: Illiger: Mag. f. Insektenkunde, ed. 2, 4: 141, no. 54. Rhynchenus nigrirostris var. variabilis: 1813: Gyllenhal: Ins. Suecica, 1 (pt 3): 115, no. 42, var. d. 1828: Boitard: Man. d’ Entom., 1: 422. —_— -—~T" ~ 1911] Hypera and Phytonomus in America 445 Phytonomus nigrirostris var. variabilis: 1858: Matheiu: Ann. Ent. Soc. Belg., 2: 198, no. 205, var. 1901: Petri: Monog. d. Coleop.—Tribus Hyperini, p. 202. 1901: Petri: Bestim.—Tab. Coleop., Hft. 44, Hyperini, p. 39. (Curculio virescens: 1790: Quensel: Diss. ign. Insect., p. 16. Curculio fulvipes: 1801: Turton: Gen. Sys. Nat., 2: 215 (syn. by Stephens). 1802: Stewart: Elem. Nat. Hist., 2: 54 (syn. by Stephens). Phytonomus steirlini: : 1868: Capiomont: Rev. d. Hyperides, p. 223. Hypera steirlini: Gemminger & Harold: Cat. Coleop. 8: 2387. 1871: Gemminger & Harold: Cat. Coleop., 8: 2387. 1871: Kirsch: Berl. Ent. Zeit.; 15: 191. Hypera nigrirostris var. steirlini: 1891: Weise in H. R. & W.: Cat. Coleop. Eur., p. 303. Phytonomus nigrirostris var. steirlini: 1901: Petri: Monogr. Coleop. Tribus Hyperini, p. 202. 1901: Petri: Bestim.—Tab. Coleop. Hft. 44, Hyperini, p. 37. 1906: Weise in H. R. & W.: Cat. Coleop. Eur., p. 656. Erirhinus viridis: 1877: Provancher: Petite Fauna ent. Can., 1: 518. Phytonomus nigrirostris var. hirtus: 1901: Petri: Monogr. Coleop. Tribus Hyperini, p. 165, 202. 1901: Petri: Bestim.—Tab. Coleop. Hft. 44, Hyperini, p. 37. 1906: Weise in H. R. & W.: Cat. Coleop. Eur., p. 656. Original description: Fabricius, 1775, p. 132, as Curculio nigrirostris. “nigrirostris. 24. C. longirostris, viridis, rostro atro. Habitat in Anglia. D. Banks. Caput fuscum, rostro cylindrico, atro, nitido. Thorax gibbus, rotun- datus, viridis, lineis duabus dorsalibus, fuscis. Elytra tomentosa, viridis, immaculata. Pedes fusci, femoribus simplicibus.”’ Adult: (Plate XXX, fig. 1). Length 3.5-4.5 mm. Width 1.3-1.7 mm. Yellowish-red to black, elongate-oval or elongate; scales cleft to the base, metallic gray-green, yellowish, gray-brown, green, deep green or blue green, apparently depending upon the maturity of the specimen. Head densely black, small, closely finely punctured, clothed with fine pale hairs; front narrower than eyes; beak as long as prothorax or longer (in female especially so), curved, cylindrical, polished, with a median dorsal keel the whole length, interrupted above the antennal insertion by an elongate narrow depression; eyes much elongated, narrowed below, an indistinct fovea on the front between the eyes; antennal groove narrow, black, punctured; antenne red or yellowish-red, scape reaching almost to middle of eye, first funicle joint not twice as long as second, joints three to seven becoming regularly shorter and broader, seventh broadly oval, club not elongate-oval, dark, densely pubescent, the re- mainder of the antennz with many fine white hairs. Prothorax one-third longer than wide, coarsely punctured, pube- scent, the narrow anterior margin polished, sides almost parallel a little widened one-third of distance from anterior margin, posterior edge wider than anterior; clothed with scales deeply cleft, hairs sparse, more on anterior edge and on sides; each puncture on the sides has a scale set in 446 Annals Entomological Society of America [Vol. IV, it; dorsum often with a median longitudinal pale green line bounded by rich darker bands of scales that reach to edge, the sides paler. Elytra elongate-oval, at base slightly rounded, sides nearly parallel, humeri prominent and usually darker; strize distinctly punctate; inter- spaces somewhat elevated posteriorly; scales may be uniformly of one color, or the alternate interspaces with scales of different shades of the same color or of different colors, or the elytra spotted with more or less indistinct gray or brown macule on a green or gray-brown background, especially along the suture; edges often with pale or reddish-brown scales on the last or last two interspaces, at the apex this coloration extends forward for some distance on each side of the suture; hairs or bristles white or black, varying in length, at base, but uniformly longer behind and usually more erect. There appears to be a tendency in this as in other species having both black and white hairs to have the colors alternating on the interspaces but this is not a fixed rule. Some specimens have a blue green longitudinal stripe on the seventh and eighth, or seventh to ninth interspaces. Venter on the thoracic portions coarsely punctured, abdominal segments with the punctures finer; intercoxal process of first abdominal segment nearly triangular; mesosternal process angularly elevated between the middle cox, narrowly triangular, never linear or parallel sided, last abdominal segment longer than two previous ones, in the male with an impression on the disk. Legs varying in color, even in matured specimens from red or reddish brown to very dark red or more rarely black; clothed with fine pale or silvery hairs sparsely set, never with scales, .except on coxz; femora stout, anterior tibiz of male strongly curved with the apical process distinct, claws and upper side of tarsal joints often darker, pads of tarsal joints silvery-white. Egg: Ovoid pale-greenish, surface distinctly sculptured, not as hexagonal in specimens examined as in Hyp. punctata eggs. The eggs darken as incubation progresses and become almost jet black, and shining. ‘Length, 0.55 mm. to 0.63 mm.; width, 0.35 mm. to 0.36 mm.” according to Hyslop and Webster in Bul. 85, 1909. I have not had enough specimens to care to furnish data as to length at the present. time, since mine seems to vary more than that given above. Larve: early stages: ‘‘The newly hatched larva is 1.25 mm. in length and 0.25 mm. broad. Color white, with pinkish tinge, best seen on ventral surface. Head large with the cervical shield pale brown, the latter divided by a broad median white line, the inverted V-shaped mark on head also white; body with sparsely placed setz longer and more conspicuous on the anal segments. In a short time the pink tinge disappears, the head becomes black, and the inverted V-shaped line extends across the now black thoracic shield, and along the entire length of the body it is produced in a very delicate, pale median dorsal line. (Described by Wildermuth and Webster).’”’ From Bul. 85, Webster, 1909. Later stages: ‘The full grown larva. (Plate XXIV, figs. 26,28, 31). The full grown larva is of a greenish straw color. The inverted white: 1911} Hypera and Phytonomus in America 447 line is still quite visible on the head. Head light brown. The cervical shield has lost its color, but the faint dorsal white line is still noticeable throughout the whole length of the body. The sete are still prominent, there being four long ones on each segment, those on the last two seg- ments being very long. (Description by Wildermuth and Webster).”’ From Webster, Bul. 85, 1909. Cocoon: (Plate XXX, fig. 3). Constructed of very fine white threads intermixed with coarser threads, more nearly globular than cocoon of P. posticus. Meshes rather irregular and open, not finely, closely, evenly arranged. Pupa: (Plate XXX, fig. 2). ‘“‘Pupa distinctly resembling the adult. Abdomen almost colorless, with a slight tinge of yellow. Head, thorax and appendages increasing in density of black from time of pupa- tion until emergence. A very distinct white line passes through center of dorsal surface of thorax and head, and continues on through the beak ‘where it reaches its greatest width. (Description by Wildermuth).” From Webster, Bul. 85, 1909. Mar 9. Distribution of Phytonomus nigrirostris Fab. 448 Annals Entomological Society of America [Vol. IV, Prof. F. M. Webster, of the Bureau of Entomology, very kindly loaned me specimens of the larve and pupz, but the alcoholic specimens are somewhat shrunken and I do not care to attempt a full description of them, hence I have quoted from his bulletin. The tubercles on the larve are very distinct and in two rows on most of the segment as in other species, but there are certainly more than four on some of the segments. In the pupa the hairs on the prothorax are rather long, the first four pairs near the margin and equidistant from each other, on the posterior portion are at least three pairs of hairs and two pairs on the dorsum, this would leave one pair missing, the pupe examined were however alcoholic specimens and may have been rubbed. It 1s probable that with a sufficient number to study the anal segments would show characters that might be used in separating the species. Distribution: Type locality “Anglia. D. Banks,’’ Fabricius, 1775. In 1781 Fabricius again described this species, under the name variabilis from specimens from “‘ Hamburg. Dom. Schulz.”’ In 1783 Herbst had specimens from Berlin. Petri and Capiomont record it as occurring over all Europe, British Isles, Egypt, Asia Minor, Caucasus and Transkaukasus, and Algeria. It is mentioned in Hochhuth’s ‘‘Russland”’ list but has apparently not been recorded from Siberia. The first published record from America is in Leconte’s Rhyncophora in 1876, where he states that it occurs in ‘‘ Massachusetts and Can- ada.”’ I have a specimen from Mr. Frederick Blanchard, taken on Mt. Washington, in New Hampshire, in 1874, so that it had doubtless been here for many years previous to that time. Hubbard and Schwarz collected it in eastern Massachusetts in 1873-4. Provanchér in 1877 under the name Hyams viridis described it from Quebec. Since that decade it has been gradually spreading westward and southward. Being a small, rather inconspicuous species it is easily overlooked. I have seen many specimens from various places and have records of many others which are here included. Dominion of Canada: New Brunswick (Fletcher, 1884) at Dalhousie. Prince Edwards Island: Charlottetown (U.S. N. M.). Ontario: Ottawa (Harrington, 1884); also specimens in coll. Cornell Univ.; Toronto,'Nov. (Wickham coll.)\;25—5—9Gem 24—5-97 (Cornell Univ.) 1911] Hypera and Phytonomus in America 449 Quebec: Provancher record 1877. Fletcher in 1884 reported a cocoon at “Brome in Eastern Township.” “‘Can.’’ 1 specimen in U. S. N. M. marked “1874, det. Lec.”’ United States: Maine: Lewiston, S. Stebbins (Bos. Soc. Nat. Hist.); Monmouth 12-Aug. ’03, Wales vi-15 (Frost coll.) “Maine”’ (Fall coll.) New Hampshire: Mt. Washington, 1874, (Blanchard coll.) ; Manchester, 13 July (Wickham coll.); E. Wakefield vi-17 @iub. & Schwarz, U.S. N. M.); “N. H.” Gall coll.) Vermont: Bennington Co. (Cornell Univ.) Massachusetts: ‘‘Mass.” (Fall coll.); E. Mass. (Hub. & Schwarz); ‘‘Mass. 1876’’ (Leconte coll. M. C. Z.); Amherst 1899 (Fernald rec.); Cambridge, 1873, Henshaw (B. S. Nat. Hist.); Lowell (Wells coll. Field Col. Mus.); Mansfield 5-3, - Lynn 19-3 (Hub. & Schwarz, U. S. N. M.); Melrose Hds. Clemons, 23-iv (U.S. N. M.); Concord, Tolman (Wenzel coll.); Wellesley 11 July, Sharon 20 July (Wickham coll.); Lenox (A. M. N. H.); Grafton (Sherriff .coll.); Lynn 19-31 (Leconte coll, M. C. Z.); Forest Hills, 14 January 1911 (Titus); Fram- ingham v—15-07, 5-5-09, iv—17-10, vii-20-07, 30-May-05, vii4—07, May—08, v—8-09, Natick iv—10—-09 (Frost coll.); Nantucket Id (Bolter coll.) Rhode Island: Providence July (Frost coll.) Connecticut: 5. Woodstock, 1888 (Chittenden record). Cole- brook (Titus) Je., 1911. JBritton (im Uti. 1911): New Haven, 13 April 1898, 1 June, 1898, 26 June, 1899, W. E. B., Zone, 1904, E. J. S. Moore, 6 July, 1904, H. L. V.,.8 June Pee wWe. B., 14 June 1909, B. H. W., 21 April, 1911, A. B. C.; West Haven, 27 ines t90o. Eto. V- ; Chapinville 26 May, 1904, W. E. B.; Hamlen, 12 May, 1910 New ee Felt (in hit. 1911) states distributed over entire state, and gives fellowing as localities represented in their collections: Albany, Cortland, Denmark, Deer Park, E. Green- bush, Karner, Ithaca, Moshulu, Nassau, Newport, Oswego, Ossining, Poughkeepsie. Peekskill (Cornell Univ.); Peekskill June 98 (Van Dyke); Stony Id. 8—July—96; West Pt. 10—April, 28—A pril—08, 22—April—08, Babylon 4—June—93 (A. M. N. H.); Potsdam (in many coll. prob. recd. from Houghton); Coney Id. 1891 (Chittenden record); Chittenden (in Webster loc. cit.) says that it did not occur at Ithaca in 1884. 450 Annals Entomological Society of America [Vol. IV, New Jersey: Smith in 1910 list says distributed well over the state. Westville 1-28, 2-25 (Wenzel); Ft. Lee (A. M. N. H.) New pee vi-28, vii-6, Red Bank 5-1, 4—20, Sea Isle City 5-24, 7-4, 7-12, Madison 17—April—98, Atco 6—1, Riverton 5-1, Mise 7-4 (J. B. Smith). Pennsylvania: Mt. Airy (J: B. Smith coll.); Phila. 11-28-05 (Am. Ent. Soc.) ; 21-Nov.—08, Hyslop at Marion (Webster 1. c.) Maryland: Somerset Hts., 1905 (Titus); Plummers Island; Weverton, 20 May ’08, C. N. Ainslie (Webster 1. c.); Arundel (Schwarz). District Columbia: Chevy Chase Circle 6—June—08, Caudell & Ainslie (Webster 1. c.); Washington, common (Webster). Virginia: Fortress Monroe (Schwarz). Michigan: Detroit (Schwarz) about 1875. Indiana: Vigo Co. (Blatchley 7 litt.) Minnesota: reported by Schwarz (Webster 1. c.} Food Plants and Life History: Gyllenhal (1813) ‘peecnriea it from ‘‘Ononis arvenisi’’. Germar (1821) mentions that the species lives on Dianthus and ‘‘in Europe graminosis.’’ Samou- elle (1819) says it occurs in April and May in moist places on banks of ponds. Brischke in 1871 reports it as feeding in north Germany on lucerne and as occurring on “‘Carex filiformis”’. 1858 Matheiu had said it injured clover and occurred on T. agraricum, Bargagli (1884) gave a short account of its feeding habits on Trifolium pratense and notes its occurrence on various Ononis especially spinosa, and in the heads of Buphthalmum salicifolium. Kaltenbach (1874) reports Hoffman’s observa- tions on its habit of feeding in the flowers of Buphthalmum salicifolium, the cocoon being spun in the chaff scales, and states also that it feeds in the flower heads of Trifolium pratense. Ferrant (1909) gives it as one of the three injurious Phytonomus to lucern in Luxemburg. Kleine in 1910 gives no other food- plants. The best accounts of the life history have been written by Houghton (1908) and Webster (1909), but there are many points still unknown. In America Fletcher first reported the species from clover as injurious at Dalhousie N. B., in 1884, Harrington the same year reported it as occurring at Ottawa in numbers but not injurious. The eggs are laid in early spring (March, April and May) the period probably extending over about six weeks. They are generally deposited inside the leaf sheath 1911} Hypera and Ph ylonomus in America 451 next to the inner epidermis (Webster), only afewina place. In captivity they may lay eggs in the leaves, petioles, stems, and even on the leaves. The eggs hatch in seven to eight days, the larve feeding in the flower buds and heads. The larval period varies from seventeen to twenty days, “the larva molts twice, the first instar occupying three to seven days, the second six to seven days and the third about seven days’”’ (Webster 1. c.) The pupal stage is about six days, the pupa being formed in a pure white rather closely netted cocoon that may be spun on the leaves or near the ground or in flower heads. Food plants reported in America are Trifolium pratense, T. medium, Medi- cago sativa, Trifolium incarnatum, T. repens and T. hybridum. It will also feed on Medicago lupulina. Webster (1909) gives a very complete account of the earlier notices of the species in America. Both Webster and Schwarz believe that the occur- rence of the species into the Virginia region is due to a new introduction. Webster discusses the possibility of the species having reached the southern coast through the influence of the return ocean currents, floating in on debris. This appears to me improbable; many persons have tried the effect of salt water on insects and found that it is rare for them to survive longer than a few hours, generally scarcely a few minutes, the first wave killing them or so stupefying them that they are soon lost. It is much more probable that this weevil either entered this region by flight, passing a little further southward year by year or was carried there by means of railroad trains. Houghton reports a spring flight of the species in April in Delaware. Enemies: Webster has reported the only insects known to feed on the species. From a specimen collected by Mr. Caudell Jime 12 near Chevy Chase, on June 23, a small fly issued (from a puparium formed in the cocoon of P. nigrirostris), which was determined by C. H. T. Townsend as Anzsia species near variabilis Coq. A larva taken from a clover head 26 June, 1908, ‘“‘ developed into an adult hymenopterous parasite that emerged July 8, 1908”’. Determined by J. C. Crawford as Bracon sp. The fungus disease (Entomophthora sphaerosperma Fres.) attacks this species. For an account of its manner of attack see under Hyp. punctata, p. 411. 452 Annals Entomological Society of America [Vol. IV, Phytonomus posticus Gyllenhal. Curculio haemorrhoidalis: 1784: Herbst: Fues. Archiv. 5: 78, no. 52 (nec. Fabricius 1775). 1794: Herbst: Fues. Archiv. (French ed.) p. 125, no. 37. 1795: Herbst: Nat. Ins. Kafer, 6: 266, no. 235, T. 80, fig. 4. 1818: Germar: Germ. & Zincker Mag. 3: 369. Rhynchaenus haemorrhoidalts: 1820: Billberg: Enumeratio Insectorum, p. 42. Curculio variabilis: 1795: Herbst: Nat. Ins.’Kafer, 6: 263, no. 232, T. 80, f. 1 (nec. Fabr. 1781). 1807: Illiger: Magaz. f. Insektenkunde, 6:328. Rhynchaenus variabilis: 1813: Gyllenhal: Insecta Suec. 1 (pt 3): 104, no. 35. 1820: Billberg: Enum. Insectorum, p. 42. 1827: Gyllenhal: Ins. Suec. 1 (pt. 4, app. 3): 572, no. 3: Hy pera variabilis: 1821: Dejean: Cat. Coll. Coleop., p. 89. 1826: Sturm: Cat. Ins. Sammlung, ". 1G 1826: Curtis: Brit. Entomology, 2: no. 116. 10. 1829: Curtis: Guide Arr. Brit. Ins. p. 50, no. 18. 1829: Stephens: Sys. Cat. Brit. Ins. p. 169, no. 1731. 1831: Stephens: Entom., 4: 101, no. 25. 1833: Villa: Cat. Coleop. Europ. duplet. in coll. 1844: Villa: Cat. dei Coleop. della Lombardia. 1848: Walton: Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (2) 1: 298. 1849: Walton: Stettin. Entom. Zeit., 10: 261. 1853: Murray: Cat. Coleop. Scotland. 1854: Wollaston: Ins. Maderensis, pp. xl., 400. 1861: Waterhouse: Cat. Brit. Coleop., p. 71, no. 11. 1863: Lacordaire: Hist. Nat. Ins. Coleop., 6: 401. 1864: Wollaston: Cat. Coleop. Canaries, p. 328. 1869: Giebel: Verz. z. mus. Univ. Halle-Wittenberg, p. 44, no. 42. 1869: Kraatz: Verz. Kafer Deutsch., p. 52. 1871: Gemminger & Harold: Cat. Coleop., 8: 2388. 1871: Kirsch: Bul. Ent. Zeit., 15: 187. 1873: Bargagli: Bul. Ent. Soc. Ital., 5: 96. 1874: Redtenbacher: Fauna Austriaca. Kafer. 2: 254. 1876: Perris: Larves Coleop., p. 385. 1877: Stein & Weise: Cat. Coleop. Eur., ed. 2, p. 143. 1878: Moesary: Adatok Z. es Lip. Meg. Fatinajahoz, p. 240. 1880: Koppen: Die Schadl. Ins. Russland, p. 209, no. 6. , 1880: Rupertsberger: Biol. die Kafer Europ., p. 200. 1882: Baudi, Piccioli & Cavanna: Bul. Ent. Soc. Ital., 14: 75. 1882: Piccioli & Cavanna: Bul. Ent. Soc. Ital., 14: 379. 1883: Weise in H. R. & W. Cat. Col. Eur., ed. 4, p. 159. 1884: Bargagli: Bul. Ent. Soc. Ital., 16: 167-8, 173. 1884: Bargagli: Rass. Biol. Rinc. Europei, p. 100. 1887: Wollaston: Cat. Coleop. Mader. in Brit. Mus., pp. 118, 119, 218. 1888: Bedel: Coleop. Bassin de la Seine, pp. 79, 215, no. 15. 1890: Carpentier: Bul. Ent. Soc. Ital., 22: 275. 1891: Fowler: British Coleoptera, 5: 230, 235. 1891: Weise in H. R. & W.: Cat. Coleop., p. 304. 1893: Bertolini: Bul. Ent. Soc. Ital., 25: 245, no. 16. 1894: Hauser: Deutsch. Ent. Zeit., 38: 25. 1894: Rupertsberger: Biol. d. Kafer, 2: 210, 294. 1896: Heyden: Cat. Coleop. Sibiria, p. 152. 1897: Fauvel: Revue Entom., 16: 463, no. 544. 1903: Everts: Coleop. Neerlandica, p. 605. 1907: Wachsmann: Rovar. Lapok, 14:19. 1911] if Cr (Sts) Hypera and Phytonomus in America Phytonomus variabilts: 1826: 1834: 1839: 1839: 1842: 1844: 1847: 1849: 1849: 1849: 1851: 1853: 1855: 1857: 1857: 1858: 1858: 1858: 1862: 1865: 1865: 1867: 1868: 1871: 1871: 1873: 1873: 1876: 1877: 1878: 1882: 1886: 1888: 1890: 1891: 1891: 1901: 1901: 1906: 1908: 1910: 1911: Schénherr: Curc. disposit. meth., pt. 4, p. 175. Gyllenhal in Schénherr: Gen. et sp. Curc., 2 (pt 2): 384. Audouin: Ann. des Se. nat. (2) 11: 107-8. Falderman: Neue Mem. Soc. Moscou, 6: 189. Boheman in Schénherr: Gen. et sp. Curc., 6 (pt 2): 880, no. 69. Germar: Stett. Entom. Zeit., 3: 101. Hochhuth: Enum. Russelk. Kauk. et Transk., p. 493, no. 105. Gaubil: Cat. Syn. Coleop. Eur. et Alg., p. 156. Redtenbacher: Fauna Austriaca, Die Kafer, p. 435. (Dohrn): Cat. Coleop. Europ., p. 61. Hochhuth: Bul. Imp. Soc. Mosc., p. 42. Zebe: Syn. der Bisher Deutsch. aufgef. Coleop., p. 75. Jac. du Val: Gen. Coleop. Europ., p. 110 (in part). Lentz: Neus Verz. Preuss. Kafer, p. 124. Costa: Pergrinazioni sul Monte Alburno, p. Dohrn: Cat. Col. Europ., p. 79. Matheiu: Ann. Ent. Soc. Belg., 2: 198, 200. Redtenbacher: Fauna Austriaca, Die Kafer, ed. 2, p. 729. Schaum: Cat. Coleop. Europ., ed. 2, p. 89. Disconzi: Entom. Vicentia, pp. 79, 81, 126, no. 37. Thomson: Skand. Coleop., 8: 168. Kanall: Stett. Ent. Zeit., 28: 123 (? species). Capiomont: Rev. d. Hyperides, p. 205, 284, fig. Brischke: Schr. nat. Ges. Danzig, n. f. 2: 23. Kirsch: Berl. Ent. Zeit., p. 1. Giard: Traite Elem. d’ Entom., 1: 671. Rondani: Bul. Ent. Soc. Ital., 6: 156. Lafontjn: Tijd. v. Entom., 20: xxi. Heyden: Jahrb. Nassau. Verein, 29: 312. Schneider & Leder: Beit. kennt. Kauk. Kaferfauna, p. 287. Fabre: Nouv. Souv. Entom. vi, pp. 83-88. (Odynerus spinnipes). Faust: Horae Soc. Ent. Rossicae, p. 86, no. 146. Bedel: Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. (2) Coleop. Bas. Seine, p. 260. Bul Ent. Soc. tale 322275. Faust: Oefers Finsk. Vetensk. Soc., p. 91. Seidlitz: Fauna Transsylv. p. 676. Petri: Monog. Coleop.-Tribus Hyperini, p. 181, 203. Petri: Bestim. Tab. Coleop. Hft. 44, Hyperini, p. 31, 40. Weise in H. R. & W. Cat. Coleop. Eur., p. 656. v. Wanka: Entom. Blatter, 4: 230. Kleine: Entom. Blatter, 6: 198. Martelli: Boll. Lab. Zool. gen. e agar. R. Scu. sup. Agric. Portic., 5: 226-30. Curculio apnea 1802: Marsham: Entom. Brit., 1: 266, no. 86 (nec. Fabricius 1775). Rhynchenus pollux: 1813: Gyllenhal: Ins. Suecica, 1 (pt. 3): (mec. Fabr., ef al.). Rhynchenus posticus: 1813: 1827: 1828: 1834: 1840: Gyllenhal: Ins. Suec., 1 (pt. 3): 1138, no. 41. Gyllenhal: Ins. Suec., 1 (pt 4, app. 3): 572, no. 41. Zetterstet: Faun. Ins. Lapp., 1: 320, no. 37. Sahlberg: Insecta Fennica, pt. 2, p. 44, no. 34. Zetterstedt: Ins. Lapponica, p. 179, no. 43. Hypera postica: 1 821: 1826: 1829: 1829: 1831: Germar: Germ. & Zincker Mag. 4: 340, no. 10. Curtis: Brit. Entom., 2: no. 116, 13. Curtis: Guide Arr. Brit. Ins. p. 50, no. 15. Stephens: Sys. Cat. Brit. Ins. p. 169, no. 1728. Stephens: Brit. Entom., 4: 100, no. 22. 454 Annals Entomological Society of America [Vol. IV, 1869: Giebel: Verz. z. Mus. Univ. Halle-Wittenberg, p. 44, no. 48. 1869: Kraatz: Verz. Kafer Deutsch., p. 52. 1871: Gemminger & Harold: Cat. Coleop., 8: 2386. 1874: Redtenbacher: Fauna Austriaca, Kafer, 2: 253. 1876: Everts & Leesburg: Tijd. v. Ent., 20: xxxi. 1877: Stein & Weise: Cat. Col. Europ., p. 148. 1883: Weise in H. R. & W. Cat. Col. Eur., p. 159. 1884: Bargagli: Bul. Ent. Soc. Ital., 16: 170. 1884: Bargagli: Rass. Biol. Rine. Europ., p. 97. Phytonomus posticus: 1833: Dejean: Cat. Coleop. coll. Dejean, p. 264, ed. 2. 1834: Gyllenhal in Schénherr: Gen. et sp. Curc. 2 (pt. 2): 391, no. 34. 1837: Dejean: Cat. Coleop. coll. Dejean, ed. 3, p. 287. 1842: Boheman in Schénherr: Gen. et sp. Curc., 6 (pt. 2): 383, no. 80. 1847: Hochhuth: Enum. Russelkafer Kauk. et Transk.} p. 493, no. 103. 1849: Redtenbacher: Fauna Austriaca, Die Kafer, p. 485. 1849: Lucas: Expl. Se. de Alg. Ins., 2: 246, no. 1132. 1849: (Dohrn): Cat. Coleop. Europ., p. 61. 1853: Zebe: Syn. d. bisher Deutsch. aufgef. Coleop., p. 75. 1855: Jac. du Val.: Gen. Coleop. Europ., p. 110. 1857: Lentz: Neue Verz. Preuss. Kafer, p. 125. 1858: Dohrn: Cat. Coleop. Europ., p. 79. 1858: Matheiu: Ann. Ent. Soc. Belg., 2: 198, no. 203. 1858: Redtenbacher: Fauna Austriaca, Die Kafer, ed. 2, p. 728. 1859: Belke: Bul. Imp. Soc. Mosc., p. 53. 1862: Schaum: Cat. Col. Eur., ed. 2; p. 89. 1865: Thomson: Skand. Coleop., 8: p. 172, no. 12. 1873: Bertolini: Bul. Ent. Soc. Ital., 25: 245, no. 16. 1874: Siebke: Erntum. Ins. Norvegicum, fasc. 1; p. 265. Hypera variabilis var. posticus: 1891: Weise in H. R. & W.: Cat. Coleop. Eur., p. 304. Phytonomus variabilis aber. posticus: 1906: Weise in H. R. & W.: Cat. Coleop. Eur., p. 656. Hypera murina var. variabilis: 1821: Germar: Germ. & Zinck. Mag., 4: 341, no. 11, var. B. (nec. Fabr.). Phytonomus murinis var. variabilis: 1833: Dejean: Cat. Coleop. coll. Dejean, ed. 2, p. 264. 1837: Dejean: Cat. Coleop. coll. Dejean, ed. 3, p. 286. Hypera sublineata: 1826: Curtis: Brit. Entom., 2: no. 116. 10. 1829: Curtis: Guide Arr. Brit. Ins., p. 50, no. 12. 1829: Stephens: Sys. Cat. Brit. Ins., p. 168, no. 1718. 1829: Stephens: Entomology, 4: 96, no. 11. Phytonomus sublineatus: 1842: Schonherr: Gen. et sp. Curc., 6 (pt 2): 384, fo. 92 (unrecog.). Hypera villosula: : 1826: Curtis: Brit. Entom., 2: no. 116. 21. 1829: Curtis: Guide Arr. Brit. Insects, p. 50, no. 22. 1829: Stephens: Sys. Cat. Brit. Ins., p. 168, no. 1720. 1831: Stephens: Entomology, 4: 97, no. 14. Phytonomus villosulus: 1842: Schonherr: Gen. et sp. Surc., 6 (pt. 2): 885, no. 94 (unrecog.) 1858: Dohrn: Cat. Coleop. Europ., p. 79. Hypera picipes: 1826: Curtis: Brit. Entom., 2: no. 116.3 1829: Curtis: Guide Arr. Brit. Ins., p. 50, no. 1. 1829: Stephens: Syst. Cat. Brit. Ins., p. 168, no. 1721. 1831: Stephens: British Entom., 4: 97, no. 15. 1911] Hypera and Phytonomus in America 455 Phytonomus picipes: 1842: Schonherr: Gen. et sp. Curc., 6 (pt. 2): 386, no. 95 (unrecog.). Hypera variabilis var. picipes: 1891: Weise in H. R. & W.: Cat. Coleop. Europ., p. 304. Hypera phaeopa: 1829: Stephens: Sys. Cat. Brit. Ins., p. 169, no. 1729. 1831: Stephens: Entomology, 4: 100, no. 23. Phytonomus phaeopus: 1842: Schoénherr: Gen. et sp. Curc., 6 (pt. 2): 386, no. 97 (unrecog.). Hypera rufipes: (syn. of Walton, nec. Petri). 1829: Stephens: Syst Cat. Brit. Ins., p. 169, no. 1731. (mec. Fabr. et al). 1831: Stephens: Entomology, 4: 100. Phytonomus rufipes: 1842: Sch6énherr: Gen. et sp. Curco., 6 (pt. 2): 386, no. 98 (unrecog.). 1877: Piccioli: Bul. Ent. Soc. Ital., 9: 228 (?species). Phytonomus parcus: 1834: Gyllenhal in Schénherr: Gen. et sp. Curc., 6 (pt. 2): 390, no. 33. 1842: Schénherr: Gen. et sp. Curc., 6 (pt. 2): 383. 1855: Jac. du Val: Gen. Coleop. Eur. p. 110. 1858: Dohrn: Cat. Coleop. Eur., p. 79. 1862: Schaum: Cat. Col. Europ., p. 89. Phytonomus variabilis var. parcus: 1868: Capiomont: Rev. d. Hyperides, p. 206. 1901: Petri: Monogr. Coleop. Tribus Hyperini, p. 203. 1901: Petri: Bestim.-Tab. Coleop. Hft. 44, Hyperini, p. 40. Hypera parca: 1869: Kraatz: Verz. Kaferfauna Deutsch: p. 52. 1869: Giebel: Verz. z. Mus. Univ. Halle-Wittenberg, p. 44, no. 49. Hypera variabilis var. parca: 1877: Stein & Weise: Cat. Coleop. Eur., ed. 2, p. 143, 1883: Weise in H. R. & W. Cat. Coleop., p. 159. 1891: Weise in H. R. & W.: Cat. Coleop., p. 304. Phytonomus variabilis aber. parcus: 1906: Weise in H. R. & W.: Cat. Coleop. Eur., p. 656. Phytonomus tibialis: 1851: Hochhuth: Bul. Imp. Soc. Mosc., p. 44, no. 42. 1881: Heyden Cat. Coleop. Sibiria, p. 166. 1896: Heyden: Cat. Coleop. Sibiria, p. 152. . Hypera tibialis: 1871: Gemminger & Harold: Cat. Coleop., 8: 2386. 1885: Heyden & Kraatz: Deutsch. Ent. Zeit., p. 282. 1886: Faust: Horae Ent. Soc., p. 146. Hypera variabilis var. tibialis: 1891: Weise in H. R. & W.: Cat. Coleop. Eur., p. 304. Phytonomus variabilis var. tibialis: 1901: Petri: Monogr. Coleop.—Tribus Hyperini, p. 204, p. 182. 1901: Petri: Bestim.-Tab. Coleop. Hft. 44, p. 40. Phytonomus variabilis aber. tibialis: 1906: Weise in H. R. & W.: Cat. Coleop. Eur., ed. 2, p. 656. Hyperina murina: 1866: Wollaston: Cat. Atlantidum, p. 305 (in part). Phytonomus variabilis var. siculus: 1868: Capiomont: Rev. d. Hyperides, p. 207. 1901: Petri: Monogr. Coleop. Trib. Hyperini, p. 182, 204. 1901: Petri: Bestim.-Tab. Coleop. Hft. 44, Hyperini, p. 40. 456 Annals Entomological Society of America [Vol. IV, Hypera variabilis var. sicula: 1871: Gemminger & Harold: Cat. Coleop., 8: 2386. 1877: Stein & Weise: Cat. Col. Eur., ed. 2, p. 143. 1883: Weise in H. R. & W. Cat. Coleop., ed. 4, p. 159. 1891: Weise in H. R. & W.: Cat. Coleop. Eur. p. 304. Phytonomus variabilis aber. siculus: 1906: Weise in H. R. & W.: Cat. Coleop. Europ., p. 656. Phytonomus variabilis var. sericeus: 1868: Capiomont: Rev. d. Hyperides, p. 207. 1901: Petri: Monogr. Coleop. Trib. Hyperini, pp. 182 (scriceas), 203. 1901: Petri: Bestim.—Tab. Coleop. Hft. 44, Hyperini, p. 40. Hypera variabiiis var. sericea: 1871: Gemminger and Harold: Cat. Coleop., 8: 2386. 1877: Stein & Weise, Cat. Col. Eur., ed. 2, p. 143. 1883: Weise in H. R. & W., Cat. Col. Eur., ed. 4, p. 159. 1891: Weise in H. R. & W.: Cat. Coleop. Eur., p. 304. Phytonomus variabilis aber. sericeus: 1906: Weise in H. R. & W.: Cat. Coleop Eur., ed. 2, p. 656. Phytonomus ponticus: 1868: Capiomont: Revis. d. Hyperides, p. 208, no. 46. Hypera pontica: 2 1871: Gemminger & Harold: Cat. Coleop., 8: 2386. Phytonomus variabilis var. ponticus: 1901: Petri: Monogr. Coleop. Trib. Hyperini, pp. 183, 203. 1901: Petri: Bestim.—Tab. Coleop. Hft. 44, Hyperini, p. 40. Phytonomus variabilis var. austriaca: 1901: Petri: Monogr. Coleop. Trib. Hyperini, pp. 182, 203. 1901: Petri: Bestim. Tab. Coleop. Hft. 44, Hyperini, p. 40. Phytonomus variabilis aber. austriacus: 1906: Weise in H. R. & W.: Cat. Coleop. Eur. p. 656. Phytonomus variabilis var. decoratus: 1901: Petri: Monogr. Coleop. Trib. Hyperini, pp. 183, 203. 1901: Petri: Monogr.-Tab. Coleop. Hft. 44, Hyperini, p. 40. Phyionomus murinus: 1907: Titus: Deseret Farmer (Salt Lake, U.) 27 July, p. 7 (no specific name). 1908: Titus: Deseret Farmer, 26 Sep., 3 Oct. 1909: Titus: Journ. Ec. Ent. 2: 148-53. 1909: Titus: Bul. 1, Ext. Dept. Utah Ag. Coll., pp. 4. 1909: Titus: Deseret Farmer: 1 May. : 1909: Titus: Utah Independent, 24 June. 1909: Hooker: U. S. D. A. Exp. Sta., Rec., 21: 348. 1909: Bur. Entom. Yearbook f. 1908, U. S. Dept. Agr., p. 569. 1910: Hooker: U. S. D. A. Exp. Sta. Rec., 22: 462. 1910: Ball: Logan Republican (Utah), May. 1910: Blankinship: Salt Lake Tribune, 23 May, figures. 1910: Titus: Bul. 110, Utah Exp. Sta., pp. 17-72, plates 14. 1910: Titus: Journ. Econ. Entom. 3: 459-70. 1911: Webster: Science: n. s., 23: 196-7. 1911: Webster: Journ. Ent. Soc. Wash., 12: 4. 1911: Webster: Cir. 137, Bur. Ent., U. S. Dept. Agr., pp. 9, figs. 10. 1911: Hooker: U. S. D. A. Exp. Sta. Rec. 24: 458. 1911] Flypera and Phytonomus in America 45 “J Original description: Gyllenhal, 1813, p. 113. “41. R. posticus: niger, parum cinereo-pubescens, antenis, tibtis, elytrorumque apice ferrugineis, rostro breviusculo, thorace brevi depresso, pectore albido-squamoso. *“Curculio haemorrhoidalis Herbst, Col. 6. 266. 235, Tab. SO, f. 4. “Curculio bimaculatus Marsham. Ent. Brit. 1. 266. 86. * Habitat in pratorum collibus passim. “Descr. Praecedenti (trifolit which is praec. to plantaginis) similli mus, and pro ejus varietate detrita facile habendus, sed paullo major praesertim longior; rostrum brevius, elytrorum apex ferrugineis, et squamulae pectoris non-metallico nitentes. Caput and oculi ut in prae- cedenti (parvum rotundatum nigrum punctulatum, cinereo-pubescens oculis ovatis depressis brunneis); rostrum thoracefere brevius, crassiusculum, arcuatum nigrum punctulatum glabrum. Antenne ut in priori (capite cum rostro longiores, crassiuscules ferrugineae, clava cinereo pubescente). Thoracis structura etjam ut in illo (latitudine multo breviore, basi apiceque truncatus, lateribus valderundato-dilatatus), supra depresseus, niger, margine antico supra rufo-piceo, confertissime et paullo profundius punctatus, pilis squamulisque cinereis, versus latera densioribus, ads per- sus. Elytra thoracis bast dimidii latiora, and illo fere quintuplo longiora, apice compressa, subattentuate, supra convexa, nigro-picea apicem versus plus mimus rufo-ferrigunea, sat profunde (p. 114) punctato-striata, pilis squamulisque cinereis parcius adspersus.. Corpus subtus nigrum, cre- berrime punctulatum, tenue cinereo-pubescens, ano piceo: pectus pube squamulisque cinereio-albdis, non metallico-nitentibus, tectum. Pedes ut in praecedenti (mediocres cinereo-pubescentes) femoribus nigro-piceis, tibiis tarsisque ferrugineis.”’ The parts in parentheses I have quoted from the previous species to which he refers in the description. Adult: (Plate XXXI, figs. 5-8). Length 3-5.1 mm. Width 1-2.4 mm. ‘These measurements are the extreme from over 1000 specimens. Reddish-black, brown, brownish-black, or black; legs and antennz always paler; scales cleft about two-thirds of the length, color of pube- scence varying from ash-gray to dark brown. Head with numerous fine punctures, densely covered with pale or gray-brown hairs; front never as wide as beak, scarcely as wide as an eye; eyes transverse oval, narrower below, slightly prominent; beak about two-thirds length of prothorax, narrowed close to eyes, hairy especially beneath and at tip; with a small smooth dorsal keel about one-half the length, followed by a broad smooth triangular dorsal portion that is pointed or nearly so at the tip; a deep narrow longitudinal groove on the base of the wide portion; long narrow punctured striz on each side beneath the dorsal edge reaching at least three-quarters of the distance to the tip; antennal groove deep, narrow, punctured, black; antenne reddish yellow to dark-brown, scape reaching to eyes, shorter than funicle; second joint two-thirds to three-fifths the length of the first; seventh joint as broad as long; club oval, pointed, densely pubescent; mandibles punctured, hairy. Male antenne inserted near the middle of the groove, female nearer the apex of the beak. 458 Annals Entomological Society of America [Vol. IV, Prothorax usually a little broader than long in female, but in male sometimes scarcely as broad as long, never strongly widened as in meles; widest half way between the middle and the anterior edge; sides rounded and swollen, anteriorly strongly rounded, posterior margin wider than anterior; densely roughly finely punctured; dorsum depressed more behind than in front. In perfect specimens the scales form a narrow brown or gray median stripe bordered by wide dark bands, these are bordered by light brown metallic bands which reach down onto the sides, below these again a dark band which extends back onto the humeri, remainder of side and venter pale metallic brown. Pale hairs usually intermixed with scales that form the bands. The entire system of bands or stripes may be obsolete, indistinct or entirely wanting or any one or more of them may be missing, even in specimens recently issued from the pupa. Scutellum minute triangular, clothed with scales of same color as. median thoracic stripe. Elytra about three times as long as prothorax, almost egg shape, flattened at the base, humeri strongly rounded, convexly prominent, sides sometimes rounded but usually nearly parallel for four-fifths of the length, and then rounded to the tips which are not sharp; finely striately punctured, interstitial spaces very slightly elevated, sometimes the odd- numbered alternate spaces show more strong elevation; scales usually yellowish brown, gray or dark brown but*may vary in both direction, hairs black or white or both; even in carefully bred specimens the pattern is extremely variable, passing from those entirely of one color (gray to dark rich brown) to those which are tessellated on almost all the inter- spaces. In some the sutural interspaces are alternately maculated with pale and dark brown and the alternate interspaces more or less marked in the same manner; usually the scales on the last interspace are paler. A broad common darker sutural basal spot is rather general, this may extend fer any distance back on the elytra along the suture, the farther back it reaches the broader it is at the base. Some specimens have the hairs alternating black and white on the interspaces, others black on all and more rarely white on all; they aré however very uniformly curved backward lying about one-half down and are long or short, but slender and pointed. Venter with thoracic portion usually clothed with paler scales, more rarely with intermixed hairs; abdominal portion more hairy, especially in female on last two segments; mesosternal middle coxal process narrow almost linear, parallel sides; intercoxal process of third abdominal segment broad and sloping to a point. Legs: femora usually darker brown than tibiz or tarsi, clothed more or less densely in front with scales, behind usually sparsely clothed with hairs, tibiae and tarsi variable in color with rather long pale hairs; front. tibiae slightly curved inward in male, spines on the inside of the middle tibia vary in length, crown of spines very short and blunt. Stem of male gentialia (Plate XXIV, fig. 10), from above narrow, parallel, sides uniformly thickened, gradually curved on the last third to a narrowly rounded point; viewed from the side last two-thirds 1911] Hypera and Phytonomus in America 459 scarcely curved, point sometimes very slightly turned up. The side view (Plate XXIV, fig. 11) is never as in meles strongly curved and from the dorsum there can never be seen the peculiar knob-like point possessed by murinus (Plate XXIV, fig. 12). The coloring and pattern of the scales in this species is so variable that it is difficult to describe; and rarely a few specimens have been observed that were as green beneath as nigrirostris and as gray green above as comptus sometimes appears. Egg: (Plate XXXV, fig. 8). Oval, rounded at ends, lemon-yellow in color when first laid, very slightly roughened, hexagonally sculptured, at one end the depressions are drawn out until they appear as fine striz. Two to four days after being deposited a dark spot appears at one end as this enlarges the egg becomes paler in other portions, when ready to hatch it is usually shining black where the larval head is beneath the shell and pale yellow or whitish elsewhere. Length 0.55-0.65 mm. Width 0.32—0.38 mm. Larve: (Plate XXXI, figs. 1-2, Plate XXXII, figs. 1,2,9). First stage: 1.4-1.5 mm. long and 0.36 mm. wide. Head shield dark with only a faint trace of the inverted Y, remainder of body pale dirty yellow with black tubercles of segments distinct. Hairs on anal segments longest, all enlarged at tips. Very faint indication of a dorsal stripe. Second stage: head darker, inverted Y a dirty white, white median dorsal line distinct, remainder of larva green, hghter than plant on which itis feeding. 3.2—-4.8 mm. long by 0.7—1.1 mm. wide. Third stage: entire larva dark ergreen, sometimes the dorsal white line has a rosy red border as in Hyp. punctata. A distinct pale stripe is now present on the side of the body below the spiracles; inverted Y on face clear and white. Length 5 to 5.7 mm., width 1.2 to 1.7 mm. Fourth stage: very little different from the third, larve reaches a length of from 7 to 10 mm. and may become as wide as 2.25mm. The rosy-red of the outer border of the pale median line is much more evident in this stage. The arrangement of the tubercles is very characteristic. On the first thoracic segment there are three rows (the tubercles are always arranged in pairs on each side of the dorsal line) the first row with 12, the second: with 2 and the third with 10. Second segment and all follow- ing with at least two rows the anterior of which has but a single pair of tubercles. The posterior on the second segment, 12 tubercles; third segment, 16; fourth and fifth the same; the sixth with 18; seventh with 20; eighth with 16; ninth with 14; tenth with 12, in the posterior, and eight in a middle row; eleventh with S in posterior row and 10 in the middle; twelfth with 10 in the posterior row, strongly curved forward in a line. On the sides of the first enlargement below the spiracles are always two hairs situated on tubercles. Cocoon: (Plate XXXI, figs. 3, 9). varying in size from 4 to 8.5 mm. and occasionly one with one of the axes still longer. Usually oval or globular, depending somewhat on where it is formed. It is composed of pure white threads spun in a rather coarse network, meshes not very regular. 460 Annals Entomological Society of America [Vol. IV, Pupa: (Plate XXXI, fig. 4). Length 4 to 5.5 mm. Width 3 to 4.5 mm. The newly formed pupa is green and after a few hours pale green, the eyes somewhat darkened at an early stage; the posterior ends of the femora and the anterior ends of the tibiz are early darkened. Pale dorsal line extending the entire length and onto head but not always the length of the beak. Dorsal rows of transverse setze enlarged at the tips as in larve, hairs on the anal segment rather long and darker than elsewhere on pupa. Prothoracic hairs long, slender, the frontal row not close to the margin, first three pairs in front, fourth on side and fifth far back; central two pairs forming a small square in front of the center, three other pairs in a slight curve near the posterior edge. Map 10. Distribution over world of Phytonomus posticus Gyll, Distribution: First described by Herbst as C. haemorrhot- dalis in 1784 from Germany, later by the same author (1795) as variabilis, in 1802 by Marsham from England as C. bimacu- latus. These names were all preoccupied and in 1813 Gyllenhal described it as R. posticus from Europe as above noted. Capiomont and Petri, with other European writers give its distribution as the whole of Europe, southern Siberia, Turkestan, Asia Minor, Persia, Arabia, north coast of Africa, Maderia and Canary Islands and British Isles. In America it was first reported from Utah, in 1902, and has since been spreading rapidly. Colonies are now known to occur in the adjoining states of Wyoming and Idaho. The accompanying map (map 11) will show the distribution as at- present known. 1911] Hypera and Phytonomus in America 461 Owing to the extreme variation in size and color there are recorded many synonyms, and doubtless careful working over of the European species will bring to light others. The species has been generally known over Europe as variabilis, a name which unfortunately was preoccupied by Fabricius for another insect, also a Phytonomus, in 1781. In the paper in which Herbst described his species he noted that the variabilis of Fabricius was merely a variety of nzgrirostris. This however does not make Herbst’s name tenable, the first available name being Gyllenhal’s posticus. The species has been reported by most European authors listing Phytonomus. Iufe History and Food Plants: Little has been written on the life history of this species in Europe, though in late years it has several times been quite injurious. Audouin in describing the collecting habits of Odynerus spinipes stated that the larvee of variabilis and murinus were living on lucerne (1839). Bargagli in 1884 reported it as seriously injurious in Italy and an editorial in the Bul. Ent. Soc. Ital. 1890, noted that it was a serious pest to clover and alfalfa and briefly describes the egg, larva and cocoon. Koppen (1880) reported serious injury to lucern in Russia. More recently Mr. W. F. Fiske of the Bur. Entomology U.S. Dept. Agriculture told me that the alfalfa regions of south- eastern Russia were being seriously damaged by some kind of a weevil, probably a Phytonomus. The present year Dr. Giov- anni Martelli has issued a short contribution to the biology of this species. He states that in April 1909, he observed the medicinal plants in a part of the Gussone park at Portici, Italy, being eaten by larve. These he bred and they proved to be “P. variabilis”’. He also observed the species causing injury at Acireale in 1910. He reports it causing serious damage in 1909 at Campobasso and at Acicastello in 1910. The present year it is numerous in many parts of Italy. Kleine (1910) has reported the following food plants in Europe: Medicago sativa, M. falcata, M. media, and M. lupulina; Astragalus bayonennsis, Phaseolus vulgaris, Solanum tuberosum, Brassica sp., Rubus vitis ideae and Plantago lanceolata, Bargagli reported finding beetles on Atriplex patula at Venice. The Astragalus record is probably from Perris. 462 Annals Entomological Society of America [Vol. IV, and VUE shineton Y Montana | ‘ WWSCammon Ae, | ~ Hee 1 To Lolaho, Orevon | To [daho and To Nebraska and the East az N\ x = a a 4 « aX P RE S Ader Summit i 1 2, rice = To Colorado e, A : dth E; t y, Mat Ye ree ae sa ay ; ladald y, i, G ae ad oR: Gus ; | iMlmor® “Vn. = | = PRichtiel PS ae" Cy s f | Bs | ; : Q | Milford f oer alee ‘ ys ! re mond | ed es | 2 Ritow. } wa | ' JBM cdena iis geet, alae. c ial | | | | 4 Pan vit hO ip § ; fo Southern ; Cal/i otniz Ss; { Map 11. Showing distributton of Phytonomus postisus Gyll., in America and the principal railroads leading out of the infected area. (Adapted from Titus, Bul. 110 Utah Agr. Exp. Sta.) The following account of its introduction into America and its life history is condensed from that given by the author in Bul. 110, Utah Exp. Sta. 1910, with some additional information secured since that paper went to press and from an article in the 1911] Hypera and Phytonomus in America 463 Journ. Economic Entomology, Dec. 1910, which gives technical information not in the bulletin mentioned. The earliest record obtainable of its presence in Utah is its occurrence in the spring of 1904 when it was present on a farm on the east side of Salt Lake City.. During the years 1905 and 1906 it spread for several miles. I first saw the beetle and larve at work early in July 1907 when I went to Utah as Entomologist; it had not then been reported from America. During the next two years it spread rapidly, reaching a number of outlying districts and probably passed over the first range of the Wasatch Mount- ains into the Weber valley. During 1909 the greatest exten- sion was to the south and southwest. The weevil reached that year a watershed boundary along these lines. On the south at Olivers there is a gap in this boundary through which the Jordan river flows. In Summit county it passed both up and down the stream a number of miles this year. The bound- ary lines between Davis and Morgan and between Salt Lake and Summit counties are on the summit of the first range of mountains as may be seen by examining the course of the streams. It will be noticed that this range did not hinder the spread of the insect. The same year it passed to the north by the narrow gap of uncultivated land near the lake border north of Salt Lake City and reached a very fertile and prosperous alfalfa region, that of Davis county. During 1910 the distribution was extensive, especially to the southward into Utah County for a number of miles over a country well supplied with food for the insect. At Provo on the south the mountains again come very close to the lake shore but the insect during the summer of 1910 passed this barrier and reached the south side of the lake, being found as far as Payson (Titus, 1910, Ainslie & Titus, 1911). There is no other barrier to hinder its passage for miles. It has passed the barrier of the short canon between Provo and Thistle ~ and will be able to go easily into the valley southward, the Sanpete and Sevier region growing many acres of alfalfa. In August, 1911, Dr. E. D. Ball took a weevil at Soldier Summit, the highest point in Utah on the Rio Grande railroad. In August, 1911, Mr. V. A. Sadler of the Utah Exp. Sta., took weevils above the Dawson Ranch on Bear Creek, east of Heber. To the north all of Davis and Weber counties have been covered and a few have been found at Collinston, Corinne and Honey- ville, Box Elder county. There are many acres of alfalfa 464 Annals Entomological Society of America [Vol. IV, throughout the district between Pocatello, Idaho, and Ogden, Utah, including the large and fertile Cache Valley; and to the northwest the lower Bear River and Malad valleys. It has reached the south-west portion of Wyoming at Evanston and Cokeville (H. Smith, 1911), and has been found by Mr. Parks also of the Bureau of Entomology, and by Mr. E. P. Hoff around Bear Lake as far north as Fishhaven, Idaho. There is little food along the Union Pacific railroad for many miles to the east. Westward it has practically reached its limit in the State of Utah, but trains will soon carry it on to the fields of ' Nevada. The original Summit and Wasatch county infestations are probably due as much to the moving of camp equipments of the sheep-herders as to any other means. Altitude seems not to affect the weevil and they can probably breed wherever alfalia can grow, since I have taken larve and adults as high as 9,000- 9,500 feet in the Wasatch Range. It was probably from this region that they reached Evanston and Lyman, Wyoming. As with other species of which the life history is known, the beetles are good fliers and distribute themselves readily in this manner. How long these flights may continue is not known, but from the inspection of various districts into which they are moving it is at least possible for them to fly ten to fifteen miles. With this species there are two periods of flight, one in early spring soon after they issue from hibernation, and the other shortly after the adults of the year are appearing in their greatest numbers. The relation of these flights to their life-history may be better understood by consulting the life-history chart in Bul. 110, Utah Exp. Sta. The sense of concealment for protection gives the weevil additional opportunity for distribution since they crawl into any sheltered place. They are often found in fruit packages that are being shipped. Moving of household goods, or in fact any form of freight may give them an oppor- tunity to reach another locality. It is not unusual to find them on the passenger trains going through the infested district and thus they may reach east to the fields of Colorado, Kansas, and Nebraska, and west to Arizona, California, Nevada, Wash- ington and Oregon. There is practically no danger of distribution in alfalfa seed shipped out of the state, since the weevils even if present, would be screened out in cleaning. At present they do not occur in any region growing seed commercially. 1911] Hypera and Ph ytonomus in America 465 The beetles hibernate in sheltered places of all kinds, road- sides, fences, old orchards, posts, beneath trees in the fallen leaves, in machinery, buildings and haystacks. Some of the adults copulate in the fall. When the first alfalfa begins to grow in the spring the beetles are present and feeding; much is permanently injured by their puncturing the slender stems. Eggs are laid very early in the year and the egg-laying period is enormously extended. The females mate several times. The males may often bé seen sitting on the back of the female and after she has deposited some eggs again mating with her. The first eggs are laid in or on the leaves, leaf-sheaths, buds or petioles, but later the majority are placed in cavities in the stalks hollowed out by the beak of the female. From one to 28 have been found ina single puncture. The period of incubation is about 10 days. TABLE I. Da i ; es Re xt | ys of ceaewaani Paited Laid of Eggs | | | to Bale S| Oe lO WE 120) 1S.) 14) 1s) 16") Hateh Geviarch. =... - 5 3] 2 = 0 SoMarch. 25+. 30 5 Gre 2 14 21 March 112 Pee Gr aida Soh sh he es) | 12 2a March...... 86 1M Pe Salesoe oat lL 1 | 10 30 March...... 27 ai 2)|19 | 4 2 OvAprils i... 38 1 SON 5i4| Be 2 50.0; 01 Ea i Be it ea ES ance Cea 2 16 April.........: 60 Palette: 28 9 10 12 Aprid....... 140 Aaeeelate76 | Q7eh Se) al 3 19-April....... 19 Pe reite vs ieee 2 SaeAprils...... 246 240 ee 8/86 | 92} 8! 4)-8) 44.4 32 25 April....... 138 Peloton Goniely | AO tise acl les 9 OR Mary Hos. =... 56 co Ase auc 24 Del o74 Din beer li germ (eta a IA 16 20 May........ 27 See ila | sO | 4 2 1 a a 33 chee HEM Sa A eee ae cay Wan Nea it may. oc '... 46 2B NN NAR Pil eo Uae ae 4 I Jane, ....... 50 SB: || eG ee tee ADS Aaa (eet Gait ie 40 ace 0 LS or 16 eee Ore 4s lies Wars ler octte. L 2 7221 |[\ Siac ee 13 Sip | ac Paola MPR Pea Poe aera PS a | 8 1139 8 | 55 |156 |500 |200 pate Te) 1 ei U5: 4| 4 143 Average hatching period=10.22+days. 466 Annals Entomological Society of America [Vol. IV, The young larve often feed in the stems for a considerable time, (Plate X X XII, fig. 9), some even passing the second molt there. Later they crawl out and up the stem, concealing themselves in the growing leaf-buds where they feed extensively and effectually stop the growth of the plant. When nearly full grown many feed entirely unprotected on the leaves. At this time the plants in a severely infested region become practically defoliated. The larve have the characteristic curled position when feeding and like others of this genus drop to the ground when disturbed. The first stage is passed in five to eight days; the second in twelve to twenty, third in twelve to twenty-five, and the fourth in one to twelve days. - When full grown they go to or near to the ground and spin their cocoon in a curled leaf or among the debris on the ground. Some even go to other plants nearby and spin up. From 24 to 48 hours after making the cocoon they change to the pupal stage and remain in this for six to fourteen days before emerging as adults. The adult beetle usually spends one or more days in the cocoon before cutting its way out. The cocoon is not usually eaten, only a large enough place to allow the adult to escape being made. The length of life of the adult varies from ten to fourteen months, and some may live over until the second year. I had one female from a lot of eggs hatched in May, 1909, that lived until May 11,1911. She was mated with one of the same lot, with a son and with a grandson (bred in cap- tivity the winter of 1910-11) and each time laid eggs which were fertile. She laid at least 312 eggs. The greatest period of emergence is three to four weeks after the first beetles appear from the eggs laid that year. After July or August the weevils feed but little, but up to that time they cause considerable damage by gnawing the parenchyma of the alfalfa and clover stalks. We have bred the weevil from the following food-plants: Medicago sativa, M. lupulina, Melilotus alba, M. officinalis, Trifolium pratense, T. repens, T. hybridium, and T. incarnatum. I have several times found them hibernating under leaves of Astragalus utahensts. Injuries to wheat and potatoes have been reported but I have not observed them. I have, however, repeatedly seen the adults feeding on ripe strawberries. 1911] Hypera and Phytonomus in America 467 Enemies: The enemies in America are very scarce and do little to aid in checking the insect. Several undetermined Carabids feed upon the weevil, its pupa and larva; three Heret- optera, Acanthorocis musculus, Reduviolus roseipennis Reut. (Det. Otto Heidemann), and Miris affinis have been seen eating the eggs, while several species of ants, including Pogonomyrmex occidentalis Cress. (Det. W. M. Wheeler), capture the larve when crawling on the ground and more rarely ascend the plants for them. Several spiders that frequent alfalfa fields occasion- ally capture larve. Frogs, toads, horned toads, lizards and swifts all do a small part each toward the control. Blackbirds and the western grosbeak often eat them. Even the English Sparrow will get one once in a while and very rarely a few are fed to its young. Chickens and turkeys readily feed on them, but soon become satiated and will eat no more until the next day. A vole killed in an alfalfa field where they were very numerous had one beetle in its stomach. At the present time the Bureau of Entomology is endeavor- ing to introduce egg-parasites (Mymarids) from Italy, and other parasitic enemies from Europe. In Europe, Audouin, Girard, Fabre and others have reported the capture of the larve of this and another species (Phytonomus murinus Fab.) by a wasp, Odynerus spintpes. The wasp stings the larve and then stores them in its burrows for the feeding of its young. One of the most fascinating of Fabre’s papers is upon the life-history and habits of this wasp. Bertolini reports that Carpentier cites a Pteromalus as feeding on this species. A species of Canidia is also reported as parasitic. Dr. L. O. Howard of the Bureau of Entomology at Washing- ton very kindly sent me a translation of a paper by Dr. G. Martelli of the Experiment Station at Portici, Italy. In it is recorded Canidia curculionis Thoms. This species hibernates in its cocoon in the cocoon of the weevil, emerges in February, and deposits its eggs in the small larve of the Phytonomus. The weevil larve attain maturity and spin their cocoon, the mature parasite then feeds on the internal organs, kills the larve and later issues from the skin and spins its own cocoon. This is at first white, but in a day or so becomes dark red and later develops a testaceous brown color with a white band. Its length is 2 to 2.5 mm., and its width over 1 mm. Martelli had adults issue 24 April from parasites born 24 March. He states 468 Annals Entomological Society of America [Vol. IV, that the larva matures in 11 to 13 days, the pupa in 2 days and the adult issues from 14 to 16 days later. This gives 27 to 31 days from the egg to adult. There are two generations each year, the second hibernating. He also records a species of Eulophus the adults of which appear about the middle to the end of May. The eggs, from one to six in number, are deposited on the outside of the body of the Phytonomus larva. This parasite may also be hyper- parasitic on Canidia. A third parasite recorded is Pimpla maculator F., the life- history of which is unknown. Three hyperparasites are recorded: a Habrocytus, a Chalcid and Dibrachis boucheanus, all living upon the Canzdia. Disease: Attempts were made in 1910 by the agents of the Bureau of Entomology to introduce Entomopnthora sphaeros- perma into Utah. It is not yet certain that these were successful and even if introduced it is extermely improbable that the dis- ease will be of any particular value in the arid regions of the West. 1911] Hypera and Phytonomus in America INDEX TO SPECIES AND SYNONYMS. PAGE austriacus Petri, syn. posticus........456 austriacus Schr., syn. puncata........ 400 borealis Germ., syn. meles........... 437 ¢eastor Lec., Phytonomus............. 433 castor Kwiat, syn. trivittatus........ 429 Castomomith, syn. meles............. 438 comptus Lec., Phytonomus........... 415 decoratus Petri, syn. posticus........ 456 diversipunctatus Schr., Phytonomus.. .421 diversus Dejean, syn., comptus....... 416 elongatus Payk., syn. diversipunc- THETA Laie chore ent EERE ie cera 421 eximius Lec., Phytonomus............ 412 fallaciosus Desb., syn. H. punctata...401 fulvipes Turton, syn. nigrirostris..... 445 griseus Muller, syn. meles............ 435 hirtus Petri, syn. nigrirostris.........445 haemorrhoidalis Hbst., syn. posticus.452 hostilis Ziegler, syn. H. punctata.... .401 linzensis Gmelin, syn. H. punctata... .401 maritimus Titus, Phytonomus........ 432 medius Marsh., syn. H. punctata.....401 UEAIGS [NG 0) Pace note eee a Se OC ice ae 435 murina Stephens, syn. meles......... 438 murina Wollaston, syn. posticus PSMRPALER re a Go lcad eS i 455 murina var. variabilis Germ., syn. PPO ULC SPs sjeks ercie ap suctere res snore lee wi 454 murinus Titus, syn. posticus.......... 455° mutabilis Germar, syn. diversipunc- LIDGE RN ti cksFals hese, sy oasse ese e = 422 nigrirostris Fabr., Phytonomus....... 442 opimus Lec., syn. H. punctata........401 PaulsdiuseDejs,-SyN.MajOr....c+...- 0+. 388 palustris Dahl., syn. diversipunc- CBWE Gas Oe ae Oe ROS ee ee aa 425 parcus Gyllenhal, syn. posticus....... 455 phaeopa Steph., syn. posticus........ 455 469 PAGE picipes Steph., syn. meles, in part; POSUICUSHIMN Dal. Laeeeer ae tele ay ere: 438 pictus Fourcroy, syn. H. punctata....401 plantaginis Marsh., syn. meles....... 437 polliixG yl syne POStICISel aerate 453 PONLICtIss Cape syle POStICIS Iter 456 posticus Gyll., Phytonomus.......... 452 proxima Carmag., syn. H. punctata...401 pubicollis Lec., Phytonomus.......... 434 pubicollis Webs., syn. seriatus........426 punctata abr, Ely perares ae eseerae 396 punctulata Zeig., syn. diversipunc- GALA iency's agers ev ean SOROS 423 quadricollis Lec., Phytonomus........ 414 roeseli Gmelin, ? syn. meles.......... 388 rumicis Webs., syn. maritimus....... 432 tumicis var. diversus auct., syn. COMMPCuS hare Bete ch inne eee, fete es 416 rufipes Schh., syn., nigrirostris....... 444 rufipes Steph., syn. posticus.......... 455 sq OVBIS) 1BXOoR 5, Syaal, ISL, jE AN cocoa b oak 401 seriatus Mann., Phytonomus.......... 426 Sericeay Cape syilepOStICUSs ree er 456 setigerus Lec., syn. trivittatus....... 429 siculus Cap., Syn. posticus ...... 455, 456 stierlini Cap., syn. nigrirostris....... 445 stramineus Marshan, syn. meles......437 sublineatus Curtis, syn. posticus......455 tibialis Hochhuth, syn. posticus...... 455 triton hibster syne mMelesy. on ac se) ea 437 trivialis Hbst., ? syn. meles.......... 388 trivittatus Say, Phytonomus.......... 428 variabilis Ziegler, syn. diversipunc- GAUEIIS Meee ete UL ereeaic 2 creteremee roms art 423 variabilis Hbst., syn. posticus........452 variabilis Fabr., syn. nigrirostris.....444 virescens Quensel, syn. nigrirostris. . .445 viridis Prov., syn. nigrirostris....... 445 villosula Curtis, syn. posticus........ 454 470 Annals Entomological Society of America [Vol. IV, INDEX TO PLANTS. PAGE Astragalus bayonnensts.o ene ee ee 461 ULGhOnSUS:s hoist Sac Re 466 Atriplex pala... x30 01a ee OR ee ae eee 461 GAIUS sec)! ee eS este heey a ete Ee IES eee 410 Brassica Spp..s.3) 4050, cea eae eee Ce eee 461 Bupninal mum salicaria 450 Carex flor Mts Sos ee OE CC Le 450 Dianthus: sppc 4... Sue: eae eee Sea eee ee 450 Entomophthora sphareosperma.................. 411, 451, 468 Felianthus tuoer oss: ee ee eee 410 Eathiyrus' dene Susp oc oe Oye A a Oe teee 432 Meditago falcata: tx. i eR ee 441 Lipulind cs Pe ee 441, 451, 461, 466 MCUTO sche Bt Ee ee 441 SQUUOM oo ty To ERT. EE Oe 410, 441, 451, 466 Meltlo tis Gh g 2 ae Ee ee Ee ee ee 466 . OffvCING Ose Ree ee tes eee 466 “ONONES O7UCNSE DER ee OR Oe ee 450 ~ OnONES SPINOS Oo NCR EO ee OR eT Ee 450 Phasecolus:vul earisa.; saa ne Pee en ee eee 461 Plantago lanceolata ens see eer in eee eee 461 TVG FOTR. Reread aonb a nen EE Oe ae ee ee 425 ALLE A ON Ste Com oN SAMO SER EDs Oia nO 425 POL ZONUTUIROI TLD EN LYN e ee ee eee ee ee 421 NOLGSIUM se NOS ane PE nN Ste 421 RUDUS UtiHS TAGEE 2. BOE Oe eee 461 PRAT DUS sie eo ESAS BLS dere Sue ee ee Oe 888 Rumeés b7tHlanteus2 a a ee ee EOE ee 414 VENMOSUS, 35 No tte Re I Te PT SES EE 415 SOLAN VLDCTOSTILT se ae ee ee ee ee 461 Trifolium: Gsranicunt et a eee eee eee Eee 450 RY DAU. Bere EOE ene BO re ee 451, 466 incarnate 0 ee ae ee ee 410, 441, 451, 466 PULENS OM Ret Se eo A eee 410, 441, 450, 466 VODENS. F igpR3e SAO: ee 451, 466 Vetch. cos. Oa eee cc Bir eee ss Sie ee an ee ra 433 Vic1@:SQHUG... noo ho canteens ee OO en eee ree 433 WHEAE. ccs ah os oane Ren Sa err a ee 466 1911] Hypera and Phytonomus in America ATI EXPLANATION OF PLATES. PLATE XXIV. Maxilla P. comptus. Labial palpus. comptus. Mandible comptus. Mandible of P. posticus. Stem (forceps) of genitalia (dorsal view except 5 and 11). Se 5. P. comptus (side view, New Jersey specimen). 6. P.comptus. 7. P. eximius (Nebraska specimen). 8. P. quadricollis (Aweme specimen). 9. P.meles (Connecticut specimen). 10. P. posticus. ll. P. posticus (side view). 12. P. murinus (European specimen). 13. P.rumicis (European specimen). 14. Hypera punctata. 15. Mandible, P. meles. 16. Maxilla, P. meles. 17. Antenna, P. comptus. 18. Emarginate hair. 19. Emarginate scale. 20. Deeply emarginate scale. 21. Deeply cleft scale. 22. Cleft scale. Larval segments (dorsal outlines). 23. P.meles (redrawn from Laboulbene). 24. Ath segment, H. punctatus. 25. Ath segment, P. posticus. 26. 4th segment, P. nigrirostris. 27. 8th segment, P. posticus. 28. 8th segment, P. nigrirostris. 29. Ist thoracic, H. punctata. 30. Ist thoracic, P. posticus. 31. Ist thoracic, P. nigrirostris. 32. 8th segment, H. punctata. PLATE XXV. Hypera punctata Fab. 1. adult dorsal. 2. adult ventral. (Enlarged 10x). Annals Entomological Society of America PLATE XXVI. Hypera punctata Fab. 1. full-grown larva. 2. cocoon. 3. pupa, ventral. 4. adult, face. 5. pupa, side. (Enlarged 10x). PLATE XXVII. Phytonomus diversipunctatus Schrank. 1. adult side (Greenland spec.) 2. adult face (Greenland spec.) Phytonomus quadricollis Lec. (type M. C. Z.) 3. adult dorsal. 4. adult side. 5. adult face. Phytonomus eximius Lec. (type M. C. Z.) 6. adult dorsal. (. sadult side: 8. adult face. (Enlarged 10x). PLATE XXVIII. Phytonomus comptus Say. adult dorsal tessellated form. adult dorsal red form. adult side red form. adult face tessellated form. cocoon (Illinois). pupa (alcoholic specimen). larva (alcoholic, New Jersey). (Enlarged 10x). PLATE XXIX. Phytonomus trivittatus Say. Be SM ok ae 1. adult dorsal (type of setigerus Lec. M. C. Z.). 2. adult face (type of setigerus). 3. adult side (type of setigerus). 4. adult dorsal (Aweme specimen). 5. adult side (Kansas specimen). Phytonomus seriatus Mann. 6. adult face. 7. adult dorsal. Phytonomus maritimus Titus. 8. adult face. 9. adult dorsal. Phytonomus pubicollis Lec. (type M. C. Z.). 10. adult, dorsal. 11. adult face. 12. adult side. (All enlarged 10x). [Vol. IV, 1911] Hypera and Phytonomus in America 473 PLATE XXX. Phytonomus nigrirostris Fab. 1. adult dorsal. 2. pupa (alcoholic). 3. cocoon. Phytonomus meles Fab. 4. adult dorsal, gray form. 5. adult dorsal, striped form. 9. adult face, striped form. Phytonomus castor Lec... 7. adult dorsal, type (M. C. Z.). 8. adult side, type (M. C. Z.). 6. adult face, Aweme specimen. (All enlarged 10x). PLATE XXXI. Phytonomus posticus Gyll. 1-2. larvae. 3. cocoon. 4. pupa. 5-6. large and small adults. 7. adult, face. 8. adult, ventral. 9. cocoons (various forms, 2x). (All but fig. 9 enlarged 10x). PLATE XXXII. Phytonomus posticus Gyll. 1. larvae in characteristic feeding position. 2. larvae showing typical curling habit. 3. leaf showing injury. 4. adult injury to stem. 5-7. adult feeding punctures. 8. stem split open showing eggs. 9. young larva coming out of stem. (Figs. 1-7 adapted from Titus: Bul. 110, Utah Agr. Exp. Sta.) PLATE XXXIII. Phytonomus posticus, Gyll. 1. Barton gathering machine at work. 2. Hemenway gathering machine. 3. Weevil larvae captured from three acres by Barton machine. (From Titus, Bul. 110, Utah Agr. Exp. Sta.) PLATE XXXIV. Phytonomus posticus Gyll. 1. Second crop alfalfa on ground harrowed and brush-dragged (Fox place). 2. Second crop alfalfa on untreated ground same date. 3. Typical hibernation quarters on border of field. ANNALS E. S. A. Vou. 1V, PLATE XXIV. a \acinia \y- seaye Yb Aacimial Leen Le Karicalvs } antennst C= SWiyes Ay Nsbe &- Coxdo K\- ejacvlahory Canal: oyeniing @--Raderkex \- GREK {No Yr: \sherod Kea Go ahr we Na TW SR ade E. G. Titus. 475 ANNALS E. S. A. VoL. IV, Prats XXYV. E. G. Titus. Vou. IV, PLratE XXVI. ANNALS E. S. cmnmiiemenene Titus. (E ANNALS E. S. A. VoL. IV, PLATE XXVIII. E. G. Titus. ANNALS E. S. A. Vou. IV, PLate XXVIII. E. G. Titus. PLATE XXIX IV, VOL. G. Titus. E. PLATE XXX. IV, VOL. A. Ss. ANNALS E. Titus. G. E, SON hs asa eon ee Vor. IV, PLATE XXXI. E. G. Titus, atm SA a it ne a) ae er = Be ee a a ANNALS E. S. A. VoL. IV, PLate XXXII. £, G. Titus. a te Ai ce eh ANNALS E. S. A. VOL. IV, PLATE XXXII, ANNALS E. S. A. VoL. IV, PLATE XXXIV. E. G. Titus. ERRATA, VOL. IV. Errata to article on Heredity in Adalia by Miriam A. Palmer in September number. Page 289, 8th line from the bottom should read ‘8 humeralis’’ instead of “8 annectans.”’ Page 295, 12th line from the top should read ‘‘Plate XXI’’ instead of elate EE.) Page 297, 6th line from the bottom should read ‘‘Fig. 3, Plate XX"’ instead of “Fig. 2, Plate XX.” Page 301 and 302 in Explanation of Plates, read ‘‘Plate XX’’ instead’ of “Plate II’’; and read ‘‘Plate XXI”’ instead of ‘‘Plate III.”’ INDEX TO VOLUME IV. abbotii, Sphecodina, 277. Abdominal Ganglia, 220, 227. Nerve Tracts in, 223. Studied in Section, 227. Acanthaclisis, 5. baetica, 6. acarivora, Mycodiplosis, 59. achemon, Pholus,272, 277 Acherontia, 264, 267. atropos, 267. Adalia, 283, 292. annectans, 283. humeralis, 283. melanopleura, 283. Adalia, Some Notes on Heredity in the Coccinellid genus, 283. adhesa, Camptoneuromyia, 58. aegyptiacus, Creagris, 16. African myrmeleonidae, Notes on, 1. africanus, Creagris, 15. agilis, Eulachnus, 54. agrifolia, Quercus, 339. agrifoliae, Pseudococcus, 309, 310, 316, ws BAe agrifoliae, Synergus, 364. albifacies, Promachus, 155, 165, 168. albomanicatus, Chirotonetes, 116. albus, Polymitarcys, 98. alcetris, Myrmeleon, 10. alcidice, Nemoleon, 20. alcione, Formicaleon, 17. aldrichii, Promachus, 165, 171. alecto, Theretra, 272. allectus, Tricorythus, 115. alope, Erynnyis, 278. Alphora, 128, 328. alternatus, Siphlurus, 116. Amelanchier, 59. Ameletus ludens, 117. americana, Miastor, 56. Amorpha, 264, 270. popuh, 270, ; Ampeloecan, 265, 272, 273. Ampeloeca versicolor, 273. Ampelophaga, 272. choerilis, 278. myron, 277. versicolor, 278. Amphibolia, 128. Amphibolips, 359. Amphion, 265, 273. nessus, 277. amyntor, Ceratomia, 262. Anabrus, 64. Anal Lobes, 326. Anal Ring, Setae of the, 326 ananassi, Thecodiplosis, 58. anderisus, Watobius, 35. | ° Andricus, 346. brunneus, 353. chrysolepidis, 346. congregatus,347. erystallinus, 348. dasydactyli, 349. kingi, 350. pacificus, 348. parmula, 350. pattersonae, 352. quercus-californicus, 346. quercus-flocci, 352. wiltzae, 353. wisliceni, 351. Anisia, 135. annectans, Adalia, 283, 284, 285, 286, 287, 288, 289, 290, 291, 292,. 293, 294, 295, 296, 297, 298, 299, 300. annectans-humeralis, Adalia, 293. annectans-melanopleura, Adalia, 285, 289, 292, 293, 294, 295. antaeus, Cocytius, 277. 495 496 Index to Volume IV Antennae Pseudococcus, 313. Anurogyna, 128. Apatelodes, 262. Aphididae, 58, 59. Aphidoletes, 59. Aphis betulae, 52. pini, 52. quercus, 53. roboris, 52, 53. tomentosus. 53, apicalis, Callirhytis, 354, apiculata, Nepa, 85. apifila, Arthrocnodax, 59. Apion segnipes, 85. Aplopus mayeri, 190. Archytas, 182. Arctiidae, 262. arefactus, Lytorhodites, 378. arienus, Lithobius, 47. arno, Proctacanthus, 154, 157, 161. Artemisia, 57. Arthrocnodax, 59. apifila, 59. Asemanophorae, 262, 263. Asphondylia, 58. Asphondyliariae, 58. asplenifolia, Janetiella, 57. Asteromyia, 57. Astragalus bayonnensis, 461. Utahensis, 466. astylus, Paonias, 277. (Calasymbolus), 270. Asynapta saliciperda, 56. atkinsoni, Lithobius, 42. atlas, Myrmeleon, 12. Atreides, 264, 267. plebeius, 277. Atriplex patula, 461. atropos, Acherontia, 267. aurantiae, 54. aureus, Lithobius, 40. austriacus, posticus, 456. austriacus punctata, 400. axillaris, Hemaris diffinis, 275. baetica, Acanthaclisis, 6. Baetinae, 106. Baetis pygmea, 116. bakeri, Callirhytis, 360. Banks, Nathan, article by, 1. barbata, Hypostena, 135. basilis, Choroterpes, 109. bastardii, Promachus, 155, 165, 169. batatas, Rhabdophaga, 56. Belostoma (Zaitha) flumineum, 85. betulae, Aphis, 52. Oligotrophus, 57. bicolor, Rhodites, 377. bilabiatus, Lithobius, 39. bilineatus, Melanoplus, 84. bimaculata, Lye CC damiass 131. Biorhiza, 333. californic: 1, 334. bipunctata, 292. Blasturus cupidus, 107. Blepharipa, 132. politana, 132. bombycoides, Lapara, 277. borealis meles, 437. boschimanus, Nesoleon, te Bothropolys, 48. multidentatus, 48. Brachycoma, 130. branneri, Lithobius, 39. Brassica, 461. braunsi, Nesoleon, 7. Bremia, 59. brevicauda, Janetiella, 57. brevicornis, Synergus, 365. brevipennis, Proctacanthus, 157, 164. brunneus, Andricus, 353. Compsodryoxenis, 376. Buethobius, 34. oabitus, 34. Buphthalmum salicifclium, 450. Burgess, A. F., article by, 173. Burgess, Mr. 179. buxi, Monarthropalpus, 59. Caenis, 115. calcitrans, Stomoxys, 129. californica, Biorhiza,- 334. Rosa, 375, 377, 378. californicus, Periclistus, 374. Calliphorine, 129. Callirhytis, 354. apicalis, 354. bakeri, 360. chrysolepidicola, 354. clarimontis, 359. eriophora, 359. guadaloupensis, 363. lasia, 356. maculipennis, 358. nigra, 362. pomiformis, 355. quercus-agrifoliae, 356. quercus-pomiformis, 355. quercus-suttoni, 357. rossi, 361. sanctae-clarae, 363. vacciniifoliae, 357. Calosoma sycophanta, Locomotion ef the Larva of, 173. campestris, Gryllus, 66. Camptoneuromyia adhesa, 58. Camptoneuromyia rubifolia, 58. Campylomyzariae, 55. canadensis, Hormomyia, 59. Menthia, 59. canescens, Cynips, 342. cantabrigensis, Lithobius, 41. Caprifoliaceae, 61. Carex filiformis, ti. carolinae, Lithobius, 47. carolina, Phlegethontius, 278. Index to Volume IV Caromyia, 59. Carya, 59, 61. earyae, Lachnus, 54. Castanea, 60. castor, meles, 438. Phytonomus, 433. trivittatus, 429. catalpae, Laremma, 264, 278. Caterpillars, A Structural Study of the, 261. Cattleya, 59. caudatus, Proctacanthus, 154, 156, 159. Cecidomyia, 59. Cecidomyiidae, 55. Celatoria, 329. celer, Lithobius, 48. eelerio, Deilephila, 271. Cells, Nerve, corydalis, 222. Ceratomia, 263, 264, 267. amyntor, 262. quadricornis, 277. cerebri, Crura, 243. Cereputo yuccae, 319. cerisyi, Smerinthus, 277. Ceroptres, 372. dorsalis, 373. niger, 373. pomiformis, 372. Chaerocampa, 271, 272. Chaetotachina rustica, 328. Chaitophorus populicola, 286. Chamberlin, Ralph V., Article by, 32. chersis, Sphinx, 277, 278. Chirotonetes albomanicatus, 116. Chlaenogramma, 264, 267. jasminearum, 277. chloranthe, Macronemurus, 23. choerilis, Ampelophaga, 278. Choerocampa, 262, 263, 273. Choroterpes basilis, 109. Chrysanthemum, 58. chrysolepidicola, Callirhytis, 354. chrysolepidis, Andricus, 346. Disholcaspis, 341. chrysolepis, Quercus, 341. vaccinifolia, Quercus, 340. Chrysopa, 185. Ginaca52, 53, 54, Cincticornia pilulae, 58. cinctipennis, Closterocerus, 185. cingulata, Herse, 267, 277. citri, 309, 320, 327. citri, Pseudococcus, 311, 317, 322. clarimontis, Callirhytis, 359. Clarina, 265, 273. Clarina syriaca, 273. clarkei, Hormomyia, 59. clavula, Diplolepsis, 337. Clinodiplosis, 59. Clinorhyncha, 58. Closterocerus cinctipennis, 185. cluentis, Cocytius, 277. cocci, Dentifibula, 58. 497 Coccidomyia pennsylvanica, 57. Coccinella quinque-notata, 286. Coccinellid genus Adalia Mulsant, Some Notes on Heredity in the, 283. Cockerell, T. D. A., Article by, 192. Cocytius, 268, 264. antaeus, 277. cluentius, 277. coecus, Lithobius, 36. Coleophora laricella, Notes on the Life History of the Larch Case- bearer, 68. coloradensis, 298, 299. Colors, Standards for, 200. Colpodia, 56. Committee on Nomenclature, Report of the, 89. Compositae, 60. : Composition of Taxonomic Papers, 194. Compsilura, 328. concinnata, 130. Compsilurine, 130. Compsodryoxenus, 376. brunneus, 376. Compsomyia macellaria, 129. comptus, Phytonomus, 415. Comstock, J. H., 330. Conchylodes platinalis, 195. concinnata, Compsilura, 130. congregatus, Andricus, 347. coniferarum, Lapara, 277. Contarinia, 58. johnsoni, 58. pyrivora, 58. Tumicis, 58. sorghicola, 58. virginianeae, 58. convergens, Hippodamia, 286. convolvuli, Herse, 267. Copecrypta, 132. coprophila, Cordylomyia, 55. coquiletti1i, Proctacanthus, 160. coquilletti, Trichoteras, 341. 283, 285, 286, 291, 292, 154, 156, - Coquillettomyia, 59. corallina, Cynips, 343. Cordylomyia coprophila, 55. cornuta, Ephemerella, 114. Corrections, 328. Corydalis Larva, The Structure of the Central Nervous System of, 219. coryloides, Schizomyia, 58. crameri, Erynnyis, 278. crassipocula (chrysolepis), Quercus, 360. crataegifolia, Hormomyia, 59. Crataegus, 59. crawii, Pseudococcus, 311, 314, 321, 327 Creagris, 14. aegyptiacus, 16. africanus, 15. diana, 15. mortifer, 16. A9S Index to murinus, 15. nubifer, 15. plumbeus, 15. pretiosa, 14. Cressonia, 261, 264, 271. juglandis, 271, 277. Crickets, The Structure and Syste- matic Importance of the Sperm- _ atophores of, 63. croatica, Hemaris, 264, 274. Crura cerebri, 243. crystallinus, Andricus, 348. cupidus, Blasturus, 107. cupressi, Hyloicus, 264, 266, 278. Cuterebrine, 329. Cymothales, 26, 27. delicatus, 27. liberiensis, 27. mirabilis, 27. speciosus, 27. Cynipidae (Cynipinae) of California, Monograph of the Gall-making, 331. Cynipinae, 332. Cynips, 342. canescens, 342. corallina, 343. heldae, 345. kelloggi, 345. maculipennis, 344. multipunctata, 343. tozae, 362. Cyperaceae, 60, 61. Cystiphora, 57. Daphnis, 265. Darapsa, 263, 265, 272, 274. Daremma (catalpae), 264, 267, 278. (undulosa), 264, 278. dasydactyl, Andricus, 349. Dasyneura, 56. flavotibialis, 56. rhois, 56. Dasyneuriariae, 56. Davisia, 54. decoratus posticus, 456. deficiens, Ephemerella sp. nov., 111. Deidamia, 265,. 273. inscriptum, 273, 277. Deilephila, 263, 265, 273. (Celerio), 271. .euphorbiae, 271. ‘gallii, 271, 278. lathyri, 271. lineata, 271, 278. vespertilio, 265, 271. Dejeania, 132. delicatus, Cymothales, 27. Dentifibula, 58. cocci, 58. Dermis, 327. Descriptions, Standards for, 195. destructor, Phytophaga, 57. Dexodes nigripes, 130. Volume IV diana, Creagris, 15. Dianthus, 450. Diapheromera Femorata, The Mechan- ism in the Hatching of the Walking Stick, 187. Diastrophus, 375. kincaidi, 375. diffinis, Hemaris, 274, 275, 278. Dilina, 264, 270. Dilophonota, 275. dimorphus, Syngerus, 366. Diplolepsis, 336. clavula, 337. discus, 336. douglasi, 338. dubiosa, 339. echina, 337. discus, Diplolepsis, 336. Disholcaspis, 339. chrysolepidis, 341. eldoradensis, 340. truckeensis, 340. distincta, Sturmia, 131. diversipunctatus, Phytonomus, 421. diversus comptus, 416. Dolba, 264, 267. Dolba hylaeus, 278. domestica, Musca, 129. domesticus, Gryllus, 66. doralice, Myrmeleon, 10. dorsalis, Ceroptres, 373. douglasi, Diplolepis, 338. douglasi, Quercus, 335. drupiferarum, Sphinx, 265, 266, 278. Dryaphis, 54. Dryobius, 53, 54. dubiosa, Diplolepsis, 339. dubiosus, Synergus, 372. dumosa, Quercus. } duryi, Proctacanthus, 154, 157, 160. Ecdyurus maculipennis, 101. echina, Diplolepsis, 337. Echinomyia, 132. Echthromyrmex, 28. Echthromyrmex fascipennis, 28. edwardsii, Erinnyis, 275. Egg Parasites, 184. Egg-sac, 327. elattus, Lithobius, 40. eldoradensis, Disholcaspis, 340. elizabethae Gymnoleon, 13. ello, Erinnyis, 275, 278. elongatus diversipunctatus, 421. Emphanopteryx, 329. Endaphis, 58. Enemies, natural, 184. Enemies, predaceous, 185. Entomological Meetings, 330. Entomological Publications, Some Sug- gestéd Rules to Govern, 86, 192. Index to Volume IV Entomophthora sphaerosperma, 411, 451, 468. Epeorus humeralis, 105. Ephemera simulans, 100. Ephemerella, 109. cornuta, 114. deficiens, 111. lata, 12 rotunda, 113. serrata, 109. tuberculata, 112. Ephemerinae, 98. Epidosariae, 56. eremitus, Lintneria, 262, 266, 277. eremitus, Sphinx, 266. Erinnyis edwardsii, 275. ello, 275. Eriocampoides limacina, 181. eriophora, Callirhytis, 359. Erynnia, 135. : Erynnyis, 263, 265, 275. Erynnyis alope, 278. crameri, 278. ello, 278. Essigella, 54. californicus, 54. euanthe, Macronemurus, 24. Eucelatoria, 130, 328. Eucleidae, 262. Eulachnus, 54. agilis, 54. Eumyobiini, 329. Eumyothyria, 131. euphorbiae, Deilephila, 271. Euphorocera, 328. Eupterotidae, 262. euthus, Lithobius, 40. Everyx, 272. ; excaecatus, Paonias, 277. Executive Committee, Report of, 86. exiguus, Lithobius, 40. exilis, Gymnoleon, 13. eximius, Phytonomus, 412. exitiosa, Sanninoidea, 84. Exorista, 133. futilis, 133. explanata, Leptobyrsa, 84. Fagaceae, 60. fagi, Lachnus, 51. fallaciosus punctata, 401. fasciatus, Lachnus, 51, 52, 54. fasciatus, Oecanthus, 65, 66. Fasciatus (vitis), Pholus, 277. fascipennis, Echthromyrmex, 28. Felt, E. P., Article by, 55. Fibers of Nerve Trunks, 225. ficus, Pachylia, 278. filiformis, Nemoleon, 32. fitchii, Promachus, 155, 165, 167. flavofasciata, Proserpinus, 262, Dian Dhly 200. flavotibialis, Dasyneura, 56. 273, 499 flavus, Synergus, 365. flies, Myiophasiine, 328. flumineum, Belostoma (Zaitha), 85. Food Habits of American Gall Midges, Summary of, 55. Forbes, William T. M., Article by, 261. forfex, Promachus, 155, 165, 167. forficatus, Lithobius, 42. Formicaleon, 16. alcione, 17. harpyalce, 17. hesione, 19. idoneus, 17. ilione, 18. lepidus, 20. lethalis, 20. persephone, 19. formicaroides, Myrmeleon, 12. formosus, Palpares, 4. fragilis, Iron, 101, 104. Frenatae, 262. frigida, 292. Fullaway, David T., Article by, 331. fulvipes nigrirostris, 445. fulviventris, Proctacanthus, 158. fungicola, Mycophila, 55. furcatus, Myrmeleon, 11. futilis, Exorista, 133. 154, 156, Gall Midges, Summary of Food Hab- its of American, 55. gallii, Deilephila, 271, 278. Gangla, Abdominal, 220. thoracic, 232. Ganglion, subesophageal, 238. subesophageal, studied in section, 240 supraesophagael, 244. thoracic, in section, 234. garryana, Quercus, 345. gaurae, Proserpinus, 273, 274, 278. Geometridae, 262. Giardomyia, menthae 59. giganteus, Promachus, 155, 165, 172. Girault, A. Ax, article by, 71. _ Glossina, 129. Glossinine, 128. gordius, Sphinx, 266, 267, 278. Gramineae, 60. Graphogasterine, 128. griseus meles, 435. Gryllus, 63, 64. campestris, 66. domesticus, 66. pennsylvanicus, 65. guadaloupensis, Callirhytis, 363. Gymnochaeta,133. Gymnochaetine, 133. Gymnoleon, 12. elizabethae, 13. exilis, 13. Gymnostylia, 135. 500 Haematobia, 129. Haemorrhagia, 274. haemorrhoidalis, posticus, 452. Hagenomyia, 8. tristis, 9. harpalyce, Formicaleon, 17. Hatching of the Walking Stick, Dia- pheromera Femorata, The Mech- anism in the, 187. heldae, Cynips, 345. Helianthus tuberosus, 410. Hemaris, 261, 263, 265, 274, 278. croatica, 264, 274. diffinis, 274, 275, 278. diffinis axillaris, 275. rubens, 274. thysbe, 274, 275, 278. Hemimasicera, 134. Hemimasiceratine, 134. Heptagenia interpunctata, 101. Heptageninae, 100. Heredity in the Coccinellid genus Ada- lia. Some Notes on, 283. heros, Proctacanthus, 154, 156, 157. Herrick, Glenn W., article by, 68. Herse, 264, 267. cingulata, 267, 277. convolvuli, 267. hesione, Formicaleon, 19. Heteropezinae, 56. Hexagenia variabilis, 99. Hilton, William A., article by, 219. Hine, James S., article by, 153. Hippodamia convergens, 286. Hippotion, 265, 272. hirtus nigrirostris, 445. Holcaspis eldoradensis, 340. ficigera, 340. Hormomyia, 59. canadensis, 59. clarkei, 59. crataegifolia, 59. verruca, 59. hostilis punctata, 401. Howard, L. O., remarks by, 179, 186. humeralis, 283, 285, 286, 287, 288, 289, 290, 291, 292, 294, 295, 297, 298, 299, 300. Epeorus, 105. Hunter, Prof. S. J., 85. Hyalomyia, 128. Hyalomyodes, 128. Hyalopterus, 54. hylaeus, Dolba, 278, Hyloicus, 263, 265, 266. (cupressi,) 264, 266, 278, pinastri, 266. Hypera, 383, 394. punctata, 395, 396. Hypostena barbata, 135. Hystriciine, 132. Index to Volume IV ianthe, Macronemurus, 25. idoneus, Formicaleon, 17. ilione, Formicaleon, 18. Illinoia, 54. inanis, A., Indices, standards for, 210. inscriptum, Deidamia, 273 277,. interpunctata, Heptagenia, 101. jolanthe, Macronemurus, 23. Iron fragilis, 101, 104. longimanus, 101. nitidus, 101. Itonidae, 55, 59. Itonida resinicoloides, 60. tritici, 60. Itonidinae, 56. Itonidinariae, 58. jamaicensis, Smerinthus, 277. Janetiella asplenifolia, 57. brevicauda, 57, jasminearum, Chlaenogramma, 277. Jensen, J. P., article by, 63. johnsoni, Contarinia, 58. juanita, Proserpinus, 273, 277. Jugatae, 262. juglandis, Cressonia, 271, 277. Juglans, 60. Jurinia, 132. kalmiae, Sphinx, 278. Kansas, The Biological Survey of the Insect Life of, 85. Karschomyia, 59. kelloggi, Cynips, 345. Quercus, 341, 370. Keys, standards for, 208. kincaidi, Diastrophus,: 375. kingi, Andricus, 350. kituanus, Nemeleon, 22. labruscae, Pholus, 272, 277. Lachniella, 54. Lachninae, 51. Lachnini, Notes on the synonymy of the genera included in the tribe, 51. Lachnus, 51, 54. y Lachnus caryae, 54. fagi, 51. fasciatus, 51, 52, 54. lapidarius, 51. longistigma, 54. punctatus, 51, 52. platinicola, 54. quercus, 51. viminalis, 52, 53. laeviventris, Synergus, Lamyctes, 33. tivius, 33. tivius pius, 33. Lapara, 263, 264. cab bombycoides, 277. coniferarum, 277. Index to lapidarius, Lachnus, 51. Larch Casebearer (Coleophora Lari- cella), Notes on the Life History of, 68. lasia, Callirhytis, 356, Lasiocampidae, 262. Lasioptera, 57. Lasiopterariae, 57. Lasiopteryx, 56. lata, Ephemerella, 112. lathyri, Deilephila, 271. Lathyrus, venosus, 432. Lecanium, 57. Leguminosae, 61. lepidus, Formicaleon, 20. Leptinotarsa 10-lineata, further notes on the Colorado Potato Beetle, Th TG Leptobyrsa explanata, 84. Leptophlebia, 108. praepedita, 109. Lestodiplosis, 59.: lethalis, Formicaleon, 20. lethifer, Myrmeleon, 10. liberiensis, Cymothales, 27. lignivora, Monardia, 55. ligustri, Sphinx, 266. limacina, Eriocampoides, 181. lineata, Deilephila, 271, 278. Lintneria, 264, 266. eremitus, 262, 266, 277. linzensis punctata, 401. liriodenri, Thecodiplosis, 58. Lithobiomorpha of the Southeastern States, The, 32. Lithobius, 36. arienus, 47. atkinsoni, 42. aureus, 40. bilabiatus, 39. branneri, 39. cantabrigensis, 41. cantabrigensis suitus, 41. cantabrigensis zinus, 41. carolinae, 47. celer, 43. coecus, 36. elattus, 40. euthus, 40. exiguus, 40. forficatus, 42. lundii, 39. manegitus, 43. naiwatus, 42. oedipes, 43. paitius, 37. pinguis, 40. proridens, 39. rex, 47. simitus, 44. tabius, 44. transmarinus, 45. tuobukus, 36. Volume IV 501 underwoodi, 46. vorax, 45. watovius, 37. watsuitus, 38. xenopus, 45. lobata, Quercus, 335. Lobodiplosis, 59. Locomotion of the Larva of Calosoma Sycophanta, 173. Locustidae, 63. longimanus, Iron, 101. longispinus, 309, 327. longispinus, Pseudococcus, 323. Longistigma, 54. longistigma, Lachnus, 54. longus, Proctacanthus, 154, 157, 162. loranthe, Macronemurus, 25. ludens, Ameletus, 117. lundii, Lithobius, 39. luscitiosa, Sphinx, 266, 278. lynceus, Myrmeleon, 12. Lyperosia, 129. Lytorhodites, 378. arefactus, 378. 311, 315, macellaria, Compsomyia, 129. Macroglossa, 263, 265, 274. Macroleon, 2. Macronemurus, 2, 22. chloranthe, 23. euanthe, 24. ianthe, 25. iolanthe, 23. loranthe, 25. melanthe, 24. pulchelius, 25. striola, 23. tinctus, 23. Macronychia, 137. Macronychniine, 137. maculatus, Synergus, 371. 4-maculatus, Nemoleon, 21. -5-maculatus, Phlegethontius, 278. maculipennis, Callirhytis, 358. maculipennis, Cynips, 344. maculipennis, Ecdyurus, 101. maculiventris, Podisus, 185. Madoryx, 278. Madoryx pseudothyreus, 278. manegitus, Lithobius, 43. Marginal Wax Filaments, 325. maritimus, Phytonomus, 432. martini, Palpares, 4. marumba, Pachysphinx, 270. mashuensis, Acanthaclisis, 5. Masicera, 132, 146. Masiceratine, 132, 143. mayeri, Aplopus, 190. May-Flies of Fall Creek, 93. 502 Mechanism in the Hatching of the Walking Stick, Diapheromera Femorata, 187. medialis, Myrmeleon, 9. Medicago falcata, 441. lupulina, 441, 451, 461, 466. media, 441. sativa, 441, 451, 466. medius punctata, 401. Megaprosopine, 137. Megaprosopus, 137. Megistopus, 2. - Meigenia, 131. Meigeniine, 131, 141. Melanophora, 130. Melanophryonine, 142. Melanophrys, 132, 142. melanopleura, 283, 284, 285, 286, 287, 288, 289, 290, 291, 292, 298, 294, 295, 296, 297, 298, 299, 300. Melanoplus, 84.- bilineatus, 84. melanthe, Macronemurus, 22. meles, Phytonomus, 435. Melilotus alba, 466. officinalis, 466. Members Deceased During the Year, 87 Mentha canadensis, 59. menthae, Giardomyia, 59. Mesembrinine, 129, 139. Metopia, 130. Metopiine, 130. Methypostena, 148. Miastor americana, 56. micans, Proctacanthus, 154, 157, 160. Microchaetina, 148. Microlepidoptera, 262. Micropalpine, 142. Micropalpus, 142. Microphthalina, 137. milbertii, Proctacanthus, 154, 157, 163. Mimas, Dilina, 270.. Minneapolis, Meeting, Minutes of the,84. minusculus, Promachus, 155, 165, 171. Minutes of the Minneapolis Meeting, 84 minutum, Pentarthron, 184. Mirabile, Ophirion, 134. Mirabilis, Cymothales, 27. modesta, Pachysphinx, 263, 270, 277. moestus, Palpares, 3. Monardia lignivora, 55. Monarthropalpus buxi, 59. Monograph of the Gall-making Cyn- ipidae (Cynipinae) of California, 331. Morgan, Anna H., Article by, 93. mortifer, Creagris, 16. multidentatus, Bothropolys, 48. multiplicatus, Synergus, 370. multipunctata, Cynips, 343. murina meles, 438. posticus, 456. variabilis posticus, 455. Index to Volume IV murinus, Creagris, 14, 15. posticus,..455. Musca domestica, 129. Muscine, 129. Muscoid Flies, Announcement of Fur- ther Results Secured in the Study of, 127. mutabilis diversipunctatus, 422. * Muttkowski, Richard A., Article by,! 194. Mycetophilidae, 55. Mycodiplosis, 59. acarivora, 59. Mycophila fungicola, 55. Myiocera, 149. Miophasiine, 136, 149, 329. myops, Paonias, 277. Myrmecaelurus, 2, 6. Myrmecaelurus subcostatus, 6. Myrmeleon, 2, 9. alcestris, 10. atlas, 12. doralice, 10. formicaroides, 12. furcatus, 11. lethifer, 10. lynceus, 12. medialis, 11. obscurus, 10. quinquemaculatus, 12. validus, 12. Myrmeleonidae, Notes on African, 1. myron, Ampelophaga, 277. mysteriosus, Nesoleon, 7, 8. naiwatus, Lithobius, 42. Natural Enemies, 184. Nemobius, 638. Nemobius fasciatus vittatus, 84. Nemoleon, 20. Nemoleon alcidice, 20. filiformis, 22. kituanus, 22. 4-maculatus, 21. pardalice, 21. Neolasioptera, 57. Nepa apiculata, 85. Nerve Cells corydalis, 222. Nerve Tracts in Abdominal Ganglia, 223. Nerve Trunks, 240, 243. Nerve Trunks, Fibers of, 225. Nervous System of Corydalis Larva, The Structure of the Central, 219. Nesoleon, 6. boschimanus, 7. braunsi, 7. mysteriosus, 8. pallens, 8. punctatissimus, 8. trivirgatus, 8. variegatus, 8. nessus, Amphion, 277. Index to Volume IV 503. Neuroterus, 334. quercus-batatus, 334. saltatorius, 335. niger, Ceroptres, 373. Synergus, 369. nigra, Callirhytis, 362. nigrans, Promachus, 155. nigripes, Dexodes, 130. nigripes, Promachus, 155, 165, 170. nigrirostris, Phytonomus, 442. nigriventris, Proctacanthus, 154, 157, 163. nigrofemoratus, Proctacanthus, 154, 15%, 161. nitidus, Iron. 101. Noctuidae, 262. Nomenclature, Report of the Com- mittee on, 89. Nomenclature, Standards of, 203. Nominating Committee, 86. Notodontidae, 262. nubifer, Creagris, 15. nutkanus, Rubus, 375. oatibus, Buethobius, 34. obliquus, Periclistus, 374. obscurus, 309, 320, 327. obscurus, Myrmeleon, 10. obscurus, Pseudococcus, 310, 318, 324. occidentalis, Pachysphinx, 263, 270. occidentalis, Proctacanthus, 154, 156, 159. ocellatus, Sphinx, 270. ochreus, Synergus, 368. Ocypterine, 134. Oecanthus, 63. fasciatus, 65, 66. quadripunctatus, 66. oedipes, Lithobius, 43. Oligotrophiariae, 37. Oligotrophus, 57. betulae, 57. salicifolius, 57. oneratus, oneratus Synergus, 316. Ononis arvensi, 450. spinosa, 450. Ophirion mirabile, 134. Ophirodexia pulchra, 134. opimus, punctata, 401. Ovipennis, 284. Pachylia ficus, 278. Pachysphinx, 261, 264, 270. Pachysphinx modesta, 263, 270, 277. Pachysphinx occidentalis, 263, 270. pacificus, Andricus, 348. paitius, Lithobius, 37. pallens, Neseoleon, 8. pallidus major, 388. Palmer, Miriam A., Article by, 283. Palpares, 3. Palpares formosus, 4. palustris diversipunctatus, 425. pandorus, Pholus, 272, 277. Pantel, cited, 328. Paonias, 264. Paonias astylus, 277. Paonias astylus, 279. excaecatus, 277. myops, 277. Paradejeania, 132. Parasites, Egg, 184. parcus posticus, 455. pardalice, Nemoleon, 21. parmula, Andricus, 350. pattersonae, Andricus, 352. Pear-slug, Notes on the, 181. pennsylvanicas, Coccidomyia, 57. pennsylvanicus, Gryllus, 65. Pentarthron minutum, 184. Pergesa, 263, 265, 272, 273. Periclistus, 373. californicus, 374. obliquus, 374. piceus, 374. smilacis, 374. persephone, Formicaleon, 19. peruanus, Xantholelanodes, 128. Peytoureau, 63. phaeopa posticus, 455. Phaseolus vulgaris, 461. Phasia, 128. Phasiatacta, 329. Phasiine, 128. Phenacoccus, 319. maritimus, 319. texensis, 319. virgatus, 319. philadelphicus, Proctacanthus, 154,157, 162. Philampelinae, 263, 272. Philampelus, 272. Phlegethontius, 264. carolina, 278. 5-maculatus, 278. Pholus, 265, 272. achemon, 272, 277. fasciatus (vitis), 277. labruscae, 272, 277. pandorus, 272, 277. vitis, 263, 272. Phorocera, 133. Phyllaphis, 52. Phytonomus, 383, 394. arator, 394. castor, 395, 433. comptus, 395, 415. diversipunctatus, 395, 421. eximius, 395, 412. maritimus, 395, 432. meles, 395, 435. nigrirostris, 395, 442. posticus, 395, 452. pubicollis, 395, 434. quadricollis, 395, 414. 504 seriatus, 395, 426. trivittatus, 395, 428. Phytophaga, 57. destructor, 57. tigidae, 57. ulmi, 57. violicola, 57. piceus, Periclistus, 374. picipes meles, 438. picipes posticus, 438. pictus punctata, 401. pilulae, Cincticornia, 58. Pinaceae, 61. pinastri, Hyloicus, 266. pini, Aphis, 52. pinicorticis, Winnertzia, 56. pinguis, Lithobius, 40. pius, Lamyctes tivius, 33. plantaginis, meles, 437. Plantago lanceolata, 461. major, 425. media, 425. platinalis, Conchylodes, 195. platinicola, Lachnus, 54. plebeius, Atreides, 277. plumbeus, Creagris, 15. Podisus maculiventris, 185. Rhodites, 374. politana, Blepharipa, 182. politus, Rhodites, 377. pollux, posticus 453. Polygonum hartwrighti, 421. nodosum, 421. Polymitarcys albus, 98. pomiformis, Callirhytis, 355. Ceroptres, 372. pomum, Schizomyia, 58. ponticus posticus, 456. pontis, Zygethobius, 34. populi, Amorpha, 270. populicola, Chaitophorus, 286. Populus, 60. porcus, Xylophanes, 278. posticus, Phytonomus, 452. Potamanthus, 99. Potato Beetle, Leptinotarsa 10-Linea- ta, Further Biological Notes on the Colorado, 71. Potentilla, 375. praepedita, Leptophlebia, 109. Predaceous Enemies, 185. pretiosa, Creagris, 14. princeps, Promachus, 155, 165, 168. Proctacanthus, 154, 156. arno 154, 157, 161. brevipennis, 157, 164. caudatus, 154, 156, 159. coquillettii, 154, 156, 160. duryi, 154, 157, 160. fulviventris, 154, 156, 158. heros, 154, 156, 157. Index to Volume IV longus, 154, 157, 162. micans, 154, 157, 160. milbertii, 154, 157, 163. nigriventris, 154, 157, 163. nigrofemoratus, 154, 157, 161. occidentalis, 154, 156, 159. philadelphicus, 154, 157, 162. tufiventris, 154, 156, 158. rufus, 154, 156, 157. Prodiplosis, 59. Promachus, 155, 164. albifacies, 155, 165, 168. aldrichii, 165, 171. bastardii, 155, 165, 169. fitchii, 155, 165, 167. forfex, 155, 165, 167. giganteus, 155, 165, 172. minusculus, 155, 165, 171. nigrans, 155. nigripes, 155, 165, 170. princeps, 155, 165, 168. quadratus, 155, 165, 169. rufipes, 155, 165, 166. sackeni, 155, 165, 166. truquil, 155, 165, 170. vertebratus, 155, 165. Promachus and Proctacanthus, Rob- berflies of the Genera, 153. proridens, Lithobius, 39. proserpina, Proserpinus, 278. Proserpiris, 265, 273, 274. Proserpinus flavofasciata, 262, 273, 274, PAs Pir gaurae, 273, 274, 278. juanita, 273, 277. proserpina, 273. Protoparce, 262, 273. proxima punctata, 401. Psedra, 61. Pseudococcus, 327. Pseudococcus, Specific Characters used in the Genus, 309. Pseudococcus agrifoliae, 310, 316, 325. Citrt lO wolimeooe. crawii, 311, 314, 321. longispinus, 311, 315, 323. obscurus, 310, 318, 324. Pseudodexiine, 134. Pseudosphinx, 263, 265, 275. tetrio, 278. pseudothyreus, Madoryx, 278. Pterochlorus, 53, 54. roboris, 54. pubicollis, Phytonomus, 434. seriatus, 426. pulchellus, Macronemurus, 26. pulchra, Ophirodexia, 134. punctata, Hypera, 396. punctatissimus, Neseoleon, 8. Punctatus, Lachnus, 51, 52. punctatus, Synergus, 367. punctulata diversipunctata, 423. Index to -pygmea, Baetis, 116. -pyrivora, Contarinia, 58. Pyrrhosia, 329 squadratus, Promachus, 155, 165, 169. quadricollis, Phytonomus, 414. quadricornis, Ceratomia, 277. -quadripunctatus, Oecanthus, 66. -quercifolia, Thecodiplosis, 58. ‘Quercus, 58, 61, 332, 334, 364. agrifolia, 339, 347, 348, 356, 357, 359, 360, 364, 371, 372. . ; chrysolepis, 341, 347, 350, 357, 362, , 364 chrysolepis vaccinifolia, 340. erassipocula (chrysolepis), 360. douglasi, 335, 338, 348, 345, 348, 350, 352, 354, 370. dumosa, 341, 348. garryana, 345. kelloggi, 341, 370. lobata, 335, 337, 338, 341, 346, 350, 352, 353, 363, 366, 367, 368, 369, 370 373. vacciniifolia, 340, 358. wisliceni, 351, 354. wislizenii, 359. -quercus-agrifoliae, (Callirhytis), 356. -quercus-batatus, Neuroterus, 334. -quercus-californicus, Andricus, 346. -quercus-flocci, (Andricus), 352. -quercus-pomiformis, (Callirhytis), 355. -quercus-suttoni, (Callirhytis), 357. -quercus, Aphis, 53. -quercus, Lachnus, 51. quercus, Stomaphis, 54. giunquemaculatus, Myrmeleon, 12 -quinque-notata, Coccinella, 286., Reduviid, 185. Report of the Committee on Nomencla- ture, 89. Report of the Secretary of the Execu- tive Committee, 86, 87. Reprints, Standards for ,214 tresinicoloides, Itonida, 60. tex, Lithobius, 47. Rhabdophaga, 56, 57. Rhabdophaga batatas, 56. Rhinophora, 130. Rhodites, 376. bicolor, 377. polita, 374. politus, 377. thois, Dasyneura, 56. Rhopalomyia, 57. tigidae, Phytophaga, 57. Rivina, 58. rivinae, Schizomyia, 58. Robberflies of the Genera Promachus and Proctacanthus, 153. roboris, Aphis, 52, 53. Volume IV 505 roboris, Pterochlorus, 54. roeseli meles, 388. Rosa, 333, 376. Rosa californica, 375, 377, 378. Rosaceae, 60. 62. rossi, Callirhytis, 361. rotunda, Ephemereila, 113. rubens, Hemaris, 274. tubifolia, Camptoneuromyia, 58. Rubus, 333, 375. unikanus, 375, Rubus nutkanus, 375. Rubus vitis idaea, 461. tufipes nigrirostris, 444. tufipes posticus, 455. tufipes, Promachus, 155, 165, 166. tufiventris, Proctacanthus, 154, 156, 158. rufus, Proctacanthus, 154, 156, 157. rufus punctata, 401. Rules to Govern Entomological Publi- cations, Some Suggested, 86, 192. Rumex brittanicus, 414. venosus, 415. rumicis, Contarinia, 58. tumicis diversus comptus, 416. tumicis maritimus, 432. Trustica, Chaetotachina, 328. Rutilia, 128. Rutiliine series, 128. sackeni, Promachus, 155, 165, 166. Sackenomyia, 57. Salicaceae, 60. salicifolius, Oligotrophus, 57. saliciperda, Asynapta, 56. Salix, 59 ,60. saltatorius, Neuroterus. 335, sanctae-clarae, Callirhytis, 363. Sanders, J. G., 88. Sanninoidea exitiosa, 84. Sarcomacronychia, 130. Sarcophaga, 129, 130. Sarcophagine, 129. Saturoidea, 262. Saundersia, 132. - Schizolachnus, 53, 54. Schizomyia, 58. Schizomyia coryloides, 58. Schizomyia pomum, 58. rivinae, 58. Secretary, Report of, 86. segnipes, Apion, 85. Selenomyia, 130. Semanophorae, 262, 263. seriatus, Phytonomus, 426. sericea posticus, 456. serrata, Ephemerella, 109. Setae of the Anal Ring, 326. setigerus trivittatus, 429. Severin, H. C., 85. Severin, Harry C., Article by, 187. Severin, H. H., 85. 506 Severin, Henry P., H. C. Articles by, 187. siculus posticus, 455, 456. simitus, Lithobius, 44. simulans, Ephemera, 100. Siphlurus alternatus, 116. Siphosturmia, 135. Siphosturmine, 135. Sisyropa, 134. Smerinthinae, 262, 263. Smerinthus, 263, 264, 267, 270. Smerinthus cerisyi, 277. Smerinthus Dilina tiliae, 270. Smerinthus jamaicensis, 277. smilacis, Periclistus, 374. Smilax, 375. Smith, J. B., 179. Smith, P. E., Article by, 309. Solanum tuberosum, 461. Solidago, 57, 58. sorghicola, Contarinia, 58. Southeastern States, The Lithobiomor- pha of the, 32. speciosus, Cymothales, 27. Spermatophores of Crickets, The Struc- ture and Systematic Importance of the, 63. Sphecodina, 263, 265, 273. Sphecodina abbotii, 277. Sphingidae, The, 261, 262, 278. Sphinginae, 271. Sphinx, 264, 265, 267, 270. chersis, 277, 278. drupiferarum, 265, 278. eremitus, 266. gordius, 266, 267, 278. kalmiae, 278. ligustri, 266. luscitiosa, 266, 278. ocellatus, 270. Spiraea, 59. splendidus, Synergus, 369. Standards for Colors, 200. Descriptions, 195. Standards for Indices, 210. Standards for Keys, 208. of Nomenclature, 203. Reprints, 214. Titles, 212. stellatarum, Macroglossa, 274. stierlini nigrirostris, 445. Stomaphis, 52, 53, 54. Quercus, 54. Stomoxydine, 129. Stomoxys, 129. calcitrans, 129. stramineus meles, 437. striola, Macronemurus, 23. Sturmia, 133. Sturmia distincta, 131. Subesophageal Ganglion, 238, 244. Subesophageal Ganglion, Studied in Section, 240. Index to Volume IV subcostatus, Myrmecaelurus, 6. sublineatus posticus, 455. suitus, Lithobius cantabrigensis, 41. Summers, Mr., 179. Sycophanta, Locomotion of the Larva. of Calosoma, 173. Synergus, 364. agrifoliae, 364. brevicornis, 365. dimorphus, 366. dubiosus, 372. flavus, 365. laeviventris, maculatus, 371. multiplicatus, 370. niger, 369. ochreus, 368. oneratus oneratus, 366. punctatus, 367. splendidus, 369. varicolor, 371. Synonymy of the genera included in. the tribe Lachnini, Notes on the, 51. tabius, Lithobius, 44. Tachinine, 131. Taxodium, 58. Taxonomic Papers, Composition of, 194- tersa, Xylophanes, 272, 278. Tetranychus, 59. tetrio, Pseudosphinx, 278. texensis, Phenacoccus, 319. Thecodiplosis, 58. ananassi, d8. liriodenri, 58. quercifolia, 58. Theretra, 265, 272. Theretra alecto, 272, Thoracic Ganglia, 232. Thoracic Ganglion in Section, 234. Thoroughwort, 58. Thryptocera, 134. Thryptoceratine, 134. Thyatiridae, 262. thysbe, Hemaris, 274, 275, 278. tibialis posticus, 455. tiliae, Smerinthus Dilina, 270. tinctus, Macronemurus, 23. Titles, Standards for, 212. tivius, Lamyctes, 33. tivius pius, Lamyctes, 33. tomentosus, Ahpis, 53. Rownsend: Gai leb esos Article by, 127, 328. tozae, Cynips, 362. Trama, 54. troglodytes, 54. transmarinus, Lithobius, 45. transversalis, 284. Treasurer, 87. Tricholyga, 131, 328. Trichopoda, 128. Index to Volume IV 507 Tricorythus allectus, 115. ‘Trichoteras, 341. coquilleti, 341. trifolii meles, 437. ‘Trifolium agraricum, 450. hybridum, 451, 466. incarnatum, 441, 451, 466. pratense, 441, 450, 466. repens, 451, 466. Triptogon, 270. tristis, Hagenomyia, 9. tritici ,Itonida. 60. triviales meles, 388. trivirgatus, Neseoleon, 8. trivittatus, Phytonomus, 428. troglodytes, Trama, 54, truckeensis, Disholcaspis, 340. Trunks, Nerve, 240, 243. truquii, Promachus, 155, 165, 170. tuberculata, Ephemerella, 112. Tuberolachnus, 52, 53, 54. Tuberolachnus viminalis, 54. tuobukus, Lithobius, 36. Types, Primary, 207. Supplementary, 207. Typhoid Fly, 86. ulmi, Phytophaga, 57. underwoodi, Lithobius, 46. (undulosa), Daremma, 264, 278. Urticaceae, 61. vaciniifoliae, Callirhytis, 357. vacciniifolia, Quercus, 340, 358. validus, Myrmeleon, 12. variabilis diversipunctatus, 423. variabilis, Hexagenia, 99. variabilis nigrirostris, 444. variabilis posticus, 452. Varichaeta, 132. varicolor, Synergus, 371. variegatus, Neseoleon, 8. verruca, Hormomyia, 59. versicolor, Ampeloeca, 273. versicolor, Ampelophaga, 278. verspertilio, Deiliphila, 265, 271. vertebratus, Promachus, 155, 165. vetch, 433. Vibrissina, 130. Viburnum, 57. Vicia sativa, 433. villosula posticus, 4654. viminalis, Lachnus, 52, 53. viminalis, Tuberolachnus, 54. violicola, Phytophaga, 57. virescens nigrirostris, 445. virgatus, Phenacoccus, 319. virginianeae, Contarinia, 58. viridis nigrirostris, 445. Vitaceae, 61, 62. Vitis, 61. vitis, Pholus, 263, 272. vittatus, Nemobius, 84. vorax, Lithobius. 45, Walking Stick, Diapheromera Femo- rata, The Mechanism in the Hatch- ing of the, 187. Walshomyia, 57. Washburn, Professor F. L., 84, 86. Watobius, 35. Watobius anderisus, 35. watovius, Lithobius, 37. watsuitus, Lithobius, 38. Webster, R. L., 181, 186. wheat, 466. Wilson, H. F., Article by, 51. wiltzae, Andricus, 353. Winnertzia pinicorticis, 56. wisliceni, Quercus, 351, 354. wisliceni, Andricus, 151. wislizenii, Quercus, 359. Xanthomelanodes peruanus, 128. xenopus, Lithobius, 45. Xylophanes, 263, 265, 272. Xylophanes porcus, 287. Xylophanes tersa, 272, 278. Yarrow, 58. Youngomyia, 59. yuccae, Cereputo, 319. Zantethobius, 34. Zetek, James, Article by, 71. zinus, Lithobius cantabrigensis, 41. Zygethobius, 34. pontis, 34. Zygobothria, 131. bimaculata, 131. ro QL Entomological Society re 461 of America . 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